Wikipedia

David Chang

David Chang (Korean: 장석호; Chang Seok-ho; born August 5, 1977)[3] is an American celebrity chef, restaurateur, author, podcaster, and television personality. He is the founder of the Momofuku restaurant group.[4][5] In 2009, Momofuku Ko was awarded two Michelin stars, which the restaurant had retained each year until its closure in 2023.[6][7] In 2011, he co-founded the influential food magazine Lucky Peach, which lasted for 25 quarterly volumes into 2017.[8][9][10]

David Chang
Chang in 2010
Born (1977-08-05) August 5, 1977 (age 47)
Arlington, Virginia, U.S.[1]
EducationGeorgetown Prep
Trinity College, Hartford
French Culinary Institute
Spouse
Grace Seo Chang
​
(m. 2017)​
[2]
Children2
Culinary career
Cooking styleNew American
Asian
Current restaurant(s)
    • Noodle Bar
    • Bāng Bar
    • Momofuku
    • Majordōmo
    • Fuku
Previous restaurant(s)
    • Momofuku Ko 2 Michelin stars
Award(s) won
Websitemomofuku.com
Korean name
Hangul
장석호
Revised RomanizationJang Seokho
McCune–ReischauerChang Sŏkho

He is known for hosting television series about cooking and food, such as Ugly Delicious (2018), Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner (2019), The Next Thing You Eat (2021), and Dinner Time Live with David Chang (2024–present).[11]

Early life and education

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Chang was born in Arlington, Virginia, the son of Korean parents, mother Woo Chung Hi "Sherri," who was born in Kaesong, and Chang Jin Pil, later Joseph P. Chang, who was born in Pyongyang.[1] Chang grew up in Vienna, Virginia, with two older brothers and one sister. Chang's parents emigrated from Korea as adults in the 1960s.[12][13][4] As a child, Chang was a competitive golfer who participated in a number of junior tournaments.[14] Chang attended Georgetown Prep and then Trinity College, where he majored in religious studies.[12] After graduating from college, Chang pursued a variety of jobs, including teaching English in Japan, then bussing tables and holding finance positions in New York City.[15]

Culinary training and career

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Pork ramen dish from Momofuku Noodle Bar
 
Momofuku pork buns, the restaurant group's signature dish

Chang started attending the French Culinary Institute (FCI)—now known as the International Culinary Center—in New York City in 2000. While he was training, he also worked part-time at Mercer Kitchen in Manhattan and got a job answering phones at Tom Colicchio's Craft restaurant. Chang stayed at Craft for two years and then moved to Japan to work at a small soba shop, followed by a restaurant in Tokyo's Park Hyatt Hotel. Upon returning to the U.S., Chang worked at Café Boulud, where his idol, Alex Lee, had worked. But Chang soon grew "completely dissatisfied with the whole fine dining scene".[15][16]

In 2004, Chang opened his first restaurant, Momofuku Noodle Bar in the East Village.[17] Chang's website states momofuku means "lucky peach",[18] but the restaurant also shares a name with Momofuku Ando[19]—the inventor of instant noodles.[20]

In August 2006, Chang's second restaurant, Momofuku Ssäm Bar, opened a few blocks away.[21][22] The Infatuation rated it a high 8.4/10, calling the menu "inventive, exciting, and different."[23] In March 2008, Chang opened Momofuku Ko, a 12-seat restaurant that takes reservations ten[24] days in advance, online only, on a first-come-first-served basis.[25] Later that year, Chang expanded Momofuku Ssäm Bar into an adjacent space with his colleague Christina Tosi, whom he had hired to run Momofuku's pastry program. They named the new space Momofuku Milk Bar, serving soft serve, along with cookies, pies, cakes and other treats, many of these inspired by foods Tosi had as a child.[26][27]

In May 2009, it was reported that Momofuku Milk Bar's Crack Pie, Cereal Milk, and Compost Cookies were in the process of being trademarked.[28] In October 2009, Chang and former New York Times food writer Peter Meehan published Momofuku, a highly anticipated cookbook containing detailed recipes from Chang's restaurants. In May 2010, Chang opened Má Pêche in midtown Manhattan.[29]

In November 2010, Chang announced the opening of his first restaurant outside the US in Sydney, Australia. Momofuku Seiōbo opened in October 2011 at the redeveloped Star City Casino in Southern-hemisphere. In an article with the Sydney Morning Herald, Chang was quoted as saying: "I've just fallen in love with Australia. I'm just fascinated by the food scene in Sydney and Melbourne. People are excited about food in Australia. It's fresh and it's energetic."[30][31] The restaurant was awarded three hats from the Sydney Morning Herald Good Food Guide in its first year and was named Best New Restaurant.[32]

In March 2011, Chang announced that he would be bringing Momofuku to Toronto, and opened it in late 2012. The restaurant is located in a three-story glass cube in the heart of downtown Toronto. Momofuku Toronto is made up of three restaurants, Noodle Bar, Daishō and Shōtō, as well as a bar, Nikai.[33][34] Daishō and Shōtō closed in late 2017,[35] and the space was refurbished. A new Momofuku restaurant, Kojin, opened in the space in 2018.[36]

Chang launched Fuku, a chain of fast food restaurants specializing in fried chicken sandwiches, in June 2015.[37] In 2016, Chang launched his first digital-only restaurant, which offers a menu only for delivery in Midtown East and takes orders taken via an app named Ando.[38] Later in 2016, Chang participated in a project hosted by a Silicon Valley startup named Impossible Foods. He prepared food that was later added on the menu of one of his restaurants, Momofuku Nishi, as a partnership between Impossible Foods and David Chang.[39]

In July 2017, Chang announced the opening of his first West Coast restaurant in Los Angeles. The restaurant, Majordomo, opened in January 2018.[40][41] In May 2017, Chang announced the opening of a new restaurant at the Hudson Yards development in New York.[42] In June 2018, Má Pêche closed after operating for 8 years.[43]

On December 30, 2019, Chang opened the 250-seat Majordomo Meat & Fish restaurant in The Palazzo tower of The Venetian Las Vegas.[44] In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Momofuku restaurant group made the decision to temporarily close its restaurants.[45] Later that year, they decided to consolidate some restaurants, and permanently close Momofuku Nishi in Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood, and Momofuku CCDC in Washington, D.C.[46] In 2021 they also closed Momofuku Seiōbo in Sydney.[47] Chang's Majordomo and Moon Palace closed at Palazzo on June 6, 2022.[48] Momofuku Ssäm Bar closed September 30, 2023.[49] Chang's two-Michelin starred restaurant Momofuku Ko, located in New York, New York, closed on November 4, 2023.[50]

Media career

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Television

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In 2010, he appeared in the fifth episode of HBO's Treme alongside fellow chefs Tom Colicchio, Eric Ripert and Wylie Dufresne. His presence on the show was expanded in the second season when one of the characters, a New Orleans chef who has moved to New York City, takes a job in his restaurant. Chang has also served as a guest judge on the reality show Top Chef: All Stars.[51] In 2011, he was a guest judge on MasterChef Australia. Chang hosted the first season of the PBS food series The Mind of a Chef, which was executive produced by Anthony Bourdain and premiered in the fall of 2012. In September 2013, David appeared on a skit on the Deltron 3030 album, Event 2. In 2016, he guest starred as himself in the IFC series Documentary Now! episode "Juan Likes Rice & Chicken", a parody of Jiro Dreams of Sushi.[52] In 2018, Chang created, produced, and starred in a Netflix original series, Ugly Delicious.[53] Chang also appeared in another Netflix series The Chef Show, produced by his friends Roy Choi and Jon Favreau. In 2019, he produced a Netflix original titled "Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner" with guest stars including Seth Rogen and Kate McKinnon. He hosted the documentary film series The Next Thing You Eat.[54] On November 29, 2020, he became the first celebrity to win the $1,000,000 top prize for his charity, Southern Smoke Foundation, and the fourteenth overall million dollar winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. David Chang appeared as a fictionalized version of himself in the Apple TV+ original series Loot.[55] In 2024, David Chang began hosting another Netflix original, a live late night talk show titled "Dinner Time Live with David Chang."[56]

Writing

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In summer 2011, Chang released the first issue of his Lucky Peach food magazine, a quarterly publication created with Peter Meehan and published by McSweeney's.[57] The theme of Issue 1 was Ramen.[58] Contributors included Anthony Bourdain, Wylie Dufresne, Ruth Reichl, and Harold McGee. The theme of Issue 2 is The Sweet Spot, and Issue 2 reached #3 on the New York Times bestsellers list.[59] Contributors to Issue 2 include Bourdain, Harold McGee, Momofuku Milk Bar's Christina Tosi, Daniel Patterson and Russell Chatham. Issue 3: Chefs and Cooks, was released on March 13 and was also a New York Times bestseller.[60] Each subsequent issue continued to focus on a particular theme.

Lucky Peach discontinued after 25 issues in 2017.[8][9][10]

Selected filmography

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Year Title Role Notes
2009 – 2012 Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Himself 5 Episodes
2009 – 2012 Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations Himself 2 Episodes
2010 Late Show with David Letterman Himself Episode: "Demi Moore/Chef David Chang/Justin Nozuka"
2010 – 2011 MasterChef Australia Guest chef 3 Episodes
2012 The Mind of a Chef Himself 16 Episodes
2013 Masterchef Australia: The Professionals Guest chef Episode: "Grand Finale"
2013 Top Chef Guest judge 2 Episodes
2014 Top Chef Canada Guest judge Episode: "The World According to Chang"
2014–2024 The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Himself 3 Episodes
2018 – 2020 Ugly Delicious Host Netflix; 12 Episodes
2018 – 2024 Jimmy Kimmel Live! Himself 3 Episodes
2019 The Chef Show Himself 2 Episodes
2019 Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner Host Netflix; 4 Episodes
2020 – 2024 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Himself 3 Episodes
2021 Roadrunner: A Film About Anthony Bourdain Himself
2021 The Kelly Clarkson Show Himself 2 Episodes
2021 The Next Thing You Eat Host Hulu; 6 Episodes
2021 – 2023 The Drew Barrymore Show Himself 3 Episodes
2024 Good Morning America Himself Episode: "Calista Flockhart/Jamie Oliver/Chrissy Teigen/David Chang/Jackie Evancho"
2024 – present Dinner Time Live with David Chang Host Netflix; 27 Episodes
2024 Celebrity Family Feud Guest Episode: "Chrissy Teigen & John Legend vs. David Chang and Deadliest Catch vs Star Trek Universe"

Public image

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Epicurious described Chang as having a "bad-boy attitude" for having no reservations or vegetarian options.[61] Chang created a controversy in 2009 by making dismissive remarks about California chefs, telling Anthony Bourdain, "They don't manipulate food, they just put figs on a plate."[62]

Chang serves on the Food Council at City Harvest and the Culinary Council at Food Bank for New York City, two hunger-relief organizations.[63] He is also a member of the board of trustees at MOFAD, the Museum of Food and Drink in New York City.[64]

Controversy

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In 2024, Chang's company, Momofuku, drew criticism after sending cease and desist notices over the use of their trademark "chili crunch."[65] In a statement to the Los Angeles Times, Momofuku argued that the trademark was not intended to stifle any competition surrounding the sauces, stating that "When we created our product, we wanted a name we could own and intentionally picked 'Chili Crunch' to further differentiate it from the broader chili crisp category."[66]

On April 12, 2024, Chang issued a public apology regarding the issue on his podcast, The Dave Chang Show, stating that Momofuku had not intended to upset with their legal actions, and noted that Momofuku would no longer attempt to enforce the trademark.[67]

Restaurants

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Current restaurants

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Previous restaurants

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  • Fuku – East Village (New York, NY)[73]
  • Fuku+ – Midtown; located in Chambers Hotel (New York, NY)
  • Fuku – Financial District (New York, NY)
  • Fuku – Battery Park City (New York, NY)
  • Fuku – Chancery Market (Wilmington, DE)
  • Kāwi (New York, NY)[74]
  • Má Pêche – located in Chambers Hotel (New York, NY)
  • Momofuku CCDC (Washington, DC)
  • Momofuku Ko (New York, NY)  
  • Momofuku Nishi (New York, NY)
  • Momofuku Bar Wayo (New York, NY)
  • Momofuku Ssäm Bar (New York, NY)
  • Momofuku Noodle Bar (Toronto, Canada)
  • Shōtō (Toronto, Canada)
  • Daisho (Toronto, Canada)
  • Nikai (Toronto, Canada)
  • Kōjin (Toronto, Canada)
  • Moon Palace – located in The Venetian Las Vegas (Las Vegas, NV)
  • Majordōmo Meat & Fish – located in The Venetian Las Vegas (Las Vegas, NV)
  • Momofuku Seiōbo – located in The Star (Sydney, Australia)

Future restaurants

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Awards

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James Beard Foundation Awards

  • 2007 James Beard Rising Star Chef of the Year
  • 2008 James Beard Best Chef New York City for Momofuku Ssäm Bar
  • 2009 James Beard Best New Restaurant for Momofuku Ko
  • 2013 James Beard Outstanding Chef
  • 2014 James Beard Foundation Who's Who in Food and Beverage in America

Other awards

Publications

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  • David Chang; Peter Meehan (October 27, 2009). Momofuku. Clarkson N Potter Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-45195-8.
  • David Chang; Chris Ying, eds. (July 12, 2011). Lucky Peach. ISBN 9781936365463.
  • David Chang; Gabe Ulla (2020-09-08). Eat a Peach.[78]
  • David Chang; Priya Krishna (October 26, 2021). Cooking at Home or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying About Recipes (And Love My Microwave): A Cookbook. Clarkson N Potter Publishers/Ten Speed. ISBN 9781524759254.

References

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  1. ^ a b Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 4, 2022
  2. ^ "pic". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  3. ^ "Chang, David". Current Biography Yearbook 2010. Ipswich, MA: H.W. Wilson. 2010. pp. 99–103. ISBN 9780824211134.
  4. ^ a b Finn, Robin (May 18, 2007). "Rising Star Knows What, Not Who, Is Cooking". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Momofuku website, retrieved October 26, 2015
  6. ^ Leventhal, Ben (October 5, 2009). "Breaking: Michelin '09 Star Picks Here! Now!". Eater.
  7. ^ McCart, Melissa (October 24, 2023). "David Chang's Two-Michelin-Starred Momofuku Ko Is Closing". Eater NY. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Carr, David (July 31, 2011). "Bringing Comfort Food to Print Fans". The New York Times.
  9. ^ a b Rosner, Helen (April 17, 2017). "The Real Legacy of Lucky Peach Is How It Looked". Eater.
  10. ^ a b Crowley, Chris (March 15, 2017). "Why Lucky Peach Is More Than Just a Magazine for Food Geeks". Grubstreet.
  11. ^ Dinner Time Live with David Chang (Reality-TV), David Chang, Chris Ying, Terry Crews, Majordomo Media, January 25, 2024, retrieved October 17, 2024{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ a b MacFarquhar, Larissa (July 24, 2008). "Chef on the Edge". The New Yorker.
  13. ^ Durano, Genevie (October 15, 2020). "From His Memoir to His Las Vegas Restaurants, Chef David Chang's Rise has Been Unique". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  14. ^ "David Chang". Authors@Google. Google. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Bertoni, Steven. "Inside David Chang's Secret Momofuku Test Kitchen". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  16. ^ Bruni, Frank. "David Chang (Chef)". The New York Times.
  17. ^ Meehan, Peter (April 13, 2005). "At a Noodle Bar, the Noodles Play Catch-Up". The New York Times.
  18. ^ momofuku > about us Archived July 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Mr. Ando's given name is "百福" and literally means "hundred luck". Momo is an old Japanese pronunciation for 'hundred' and a homophone of the word 'peach' (桃).
  20. ^ Thompson, Andrea; The New Yorker (October 16, 2006), "Tables for Two: Momofuku Ssäm Bar", The New Yorker, retrieved November 25, 2008
  21. ^ Bruni, Frank (February 21, 2007). "More Than Just a Sequel to a Noodle Bar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
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  25. ^ Spiegel, Brendan. "Race for Reservations Turns New York Eatery Into Net Obsession", Wired.com, July 2, 2008.
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  29. ^ Amanda Kludt (May 4, 2010). "Ma Peche Will Open For Dinner Tonight - MomoWire". Eater NY. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  30. ^ Bennett, Sue (November 13, 2010). "New York's finest chef takes a punt on Sydney". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  31. ^ Paula Forbes (October 24, 2011). "Momofuku Seiobo Opening This Week in Sydney - Expansionwire". Eater National. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  32. ^ "Winners, losers, and lots of hats". The Sydney Morning Herald. September 3, 2012.
  33. ^ "David Chang Bringing Momofuku to Toronto After Drunken Weekend". Buzz Blog. Zagat. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011.
  34. ^ "All Four Momofuku Restaurants in Toronto: NOW OPEN". Eater. September 26, 2012.
  35. ^ "Momofuku closing restaurants in Toronto and starting something new". blogTO. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  36. ^ "Momofuku's New Toronto Restaurant Pays Respect to Ontario's Farmers". Eater. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  37. ^ "About Fuku". Fuku. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  38. ^ Crook, Jordan (May 16, 2016). "Momofuku's David Chang launches Ando, a delivery-only restaurant". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  39. ^ Stefan Etienne (July 26, 2016). "Eating the plant-derived Impossible Burger cooked by Momofuku's David Chang". Tech Crunch. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  40. ^ "David Chang to Open Restaurant in Los Angeles". Food & Wine. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  41. ^ "David Chang's Majordomo Opens Tonight: Here's What to Expect". Eater LA. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  42. ^ Fabricant, Florence (May 9, 2017). "Restaurants Fall Into Place at Hudson Yards". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  43. ^ "David Chang's Má Pêche Shutters Tonight". Eater NY. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  44. ^ Wang, Andy (December 30, 2019). "David Chang's New Vegas Restaurant Is His Biggest Ever—and More's Coming". Food and Wine. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  45. ^ Marchese, David (March 27, 2020). "David Chang isn't sure the restaurant industry will survive Covid-19". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  46. ^ Nierenberg, Amelia (May 13, 2020). "David Chang Permanently Closes 2 of His Restaurants". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  47. ^ Rodell, Besha (March 14, 2021). "Momofuku Seiobo, in Sydney, Will Close in June". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  48. ^ Karel, Janna (June 28, 2022). "Two of David Chang's Restaurants Have Abruptly Closed on the Las Vegas Strip". Eater. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  49. ^ McCart, Melissa (September 9, 2023). "David Chang Restaurant Momofuku Ssäm Bar Is Closing". Eater. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  50. ^ McCart, Melissa (October 24, 2023). "David Chang's Two-Michelin-Starred Momofuku Ko Is Closing". Eater. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  51. ^ Ost, Carina (December 16, 2010). "Top Chef: All-Stars, Week 3: David Chang and a Kitchen Packed with Sweaty Amazeballs - San Francisco Restaurants and Dining - SFoodie". SFWeekly. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  52. ^ Ziemba, Christine (September 27, 2016). "Documentary Now Dreams of Chicken and Rice in Brilliant Jiro Parody". Paste. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  53. ^ "Ugly Delicious". IMDb. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  54. ^ Alter, Rebecca (September 29, 2021). "Consider the Lab-Grown Dino Meat in David Chang's The Next Thing You Eat Trailer". Vulture. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  55. ^ "Apple TV+'s Loot: Molly's 10 Most Ridiculous Extravagances". Screenrant. July 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  56. ^ "'Dinner Time Live' Netflix Review: David Chang's Cooking Talk Show Needs Better Ingredients". Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  57. ^ "Luck Peach Subscription". The McSweeney's Store. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011.
  58. ^ "2011's Best New Food Magazine: David Chang's 'Lucky Peach' - Daniel Fromson - Health". The Atlantic. February 10, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  59. ^ Cowles, Gregory (December 4, 2011). "Print & E-Books". The New York Times.
  60. ^ Cowles, Gregory (April 1, 2012). "Print & E-Books". The New York Times.
  61. ^ "The World's Most Influential Chefs". Epicurious. Condé Nast.
  62. ^ Mackay, Jimmy (November 26, 2009). "Bay Area Chefs Dodge New York Knives". The New York Times.
  63. ^ "Time 100 Roundtables". Time. May 20, 2010. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  64. ^ "Trustees - Museum of Food and Drink MOFAD". MOFAD.
  65. ^ Schaltegger, Megan (April 5, 2024). "David Chang Called 'Trademark Bully' After Sending Cease-And-Desist Letters To Other Chili Crunch Brands". Delish. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  66. ^ Harris, Jenn (April 8, 2024). "Momofuku responds to chili crunch backlash: 'We wanted a name we could own'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  67. ^ Askinasi, Rachel (April 13, 2024). "David Chang issues apology over 'chili crunch' trademark controversy". Today. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  68. ^ Eater Staff (October 5, 2017). "The Hottest New Restaurants in Brooklyn Right Now". Eater NY. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  69. ^ Strong, Andrea (May 4, 2024). "Momofuku Noodle Bar is turning 20. Here are 5 ways chef David Chang changed dining forever". Fast Company. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  70. ^ "Famed chef opens fried chicken shop at Allegiant Stadium". Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  71. ^ Addison, Bill (March 19, 2018). "David Chang's Majordomo Is 2018's Most Exciting Restaurant (So Far)". Eater. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  72. ^ Eschelman, Britney (October 1, 2024). "A Review of Momofuku in New York City's East Village". Hotels Above Par - Boutique Hotels & Travel. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  73. ^ Upadhyaya, Kayla Kumari (April 18, 2018). "David Chang's Original East Village Fuku Is Closing". Eater NY. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  74. ^ Warerkar, Tanay (March 30, 2021). "Kāwi, Momofuku's Modern Korean Hudson Yards Gem, Permanently Closes". Eater NY. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  75. ^ Orlow, Emma (October 3, 2024). "JFK Airport Attempts to Level Up Food With New Momofuku Restaurant". Eater NY. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
  76. ^ Kang, Matthew (June 10, 2024). "Momofuku Is Opening a New LA Restaurant Called Super Peach in Century City". Eater LA. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  77. ^ Reichl, Ruth (April 29, 2010). "David Chang - The 2010 Time 100". Time. Vol. 175, no. 18. p. 48. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  78. ^ Addison, Bill (September 19, 2020). "David Chang on restaurants and his own life: 'The old ways just don't work anymore'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
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