Wikipedia

Guinea

"Guinée" redirects here. For the concept in the African diasporic religion, see Haitian Vodou.
Not to be confused with French Guiana, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, or New Guinea.
For the region, see Guinea (region). For other uses, see Guinea (disambiguation).

Guinea (/ˈɡɪni/ ⓘ GHIN-ee),[a] officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south. It is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry, after its capital Conakry, to distinguish it from other territories in the eponymous region, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea.[8][9][10][11] Guinea has a population of 14 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi).[12]

Republic of Guinea
République de Guinée (French)
𞤖𞤢𞤱𞤼𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 (Pular)
ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ (Eastern Maninkakan)
Motto: "Travail, Justice, Solidarité" (French)
Work, Justice, Solidarity
Anthem: Liberté (French)
"Freedom"
Guinea in dark green
Guinea in dark green
Capital
and largest city
Conakry
9°31′N 13°42′W / 9.517°N 13.700°W / 9.517; -13.700
Official languagesFrench
Vernacular
languages
List
Ethnic groups
([1])
Demonym(s)Guinean
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic under a military junta
Mamady Doumbouya
Bah Oury
LegislatureNational Council of the Transition[3]
Independence 
(was the colony of French Guinea since 1891)
• from France
2 October 1958
• Republic
2 October 1958
• 4th constitution
2 October 1958
• Second Republic Day
3 April 1984
5 September 2021
Area
• Total
245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi) (77th)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2024 estimate
13,986,179[4] (75th)
• Density
40.9/km2 (105.9/sq mi) (164th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $48.750 billion[5] (142nd)
• Per capita
Increase $3,241[5] (166th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $23.205 billion[5] (140th)
• Per capita
Increase $1,542[5] (161st)
Gini (2012)33.7[6]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.472[7]
low (181st)
CurrencyGuinean franc (GNF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT ± 00:00)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Drives onright
Calling code+224
ISO 3166 codeGN
Internet TLD.gn

Formerly French Guinea, it achieved independence in 1958.[13] Guinea has a history of military coups d'état.[14][15][16] After decades of authoritarian rule, it held its first democratic election in 2010.[16][17][18] As it continued to hold multi-party elections, the country still faces ethnic conflicts, corruption, and abuses by the military and police.[18][19] In 2011, the United States government claimed that torture by security forces and abuse of women and children (including female genital mutilation) were ongoing human rights issues.[20] In 2021, a military faction overthrew president Alpha Condé and suspended the constitution.[14][15][16]

Muslims represent 90% of the population.[8][21][22] The country is divided into four geographic regions: Maritime Guinea on the Atlantic coast, the Fouta Djallon or Middle Guinea highlands, the Upper Guinea savanna region in the northeast, and the Guinée forestière region of tropical forests. French, the official language of Guinea, is a language of communication in schools, government administration, and the media. More than 24 indigenous languages are spoken, and the largest are Susu, Pular, and Maninka, which dominate respectively in Maritime Guinea, Fouta Djallon, and Upper Guinea, while Guinée forestière is ethnolinguistically diverse. Guinea's economy is mostly dependent on agriculture and mineral production.[23] It is the world's second-largest producer of bauxite and has deposits of diamonds and gold.[24] As of the most recent survey in 2018, 66.2% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty, and an additional 16.4% are vulnerable to it.[25] The country was at the core of the Western African Ebola virus epidemic.

Name

edit
Further information: Guinea (region) § Etymology

Guinea is named after the Guinea region which lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guiné which emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus, a generic term for the African peoples south of the Senegal River, in contrast to the "tawny" Zenaga Berbers above it, whom they called Azengues or Moors.[citation needed]

In 1978, the official name became the People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea. In 1984, the country was renamed the Republic of Guinea after the death of the first president, Ahmed Sékou Touré.

History

edit
Main article: History of Guinea

The land that is now Guinea either bordered or was situated within a series of historic African empires before the French arrived in the 1890s and claimed the terrain as part of colonial French West Africa. Guinea declared independence from France on 2 October 1958. From independence until the presidential election of 2010, Guinea was governed by multiple autocratic rulers.[26][27][28]

West African empires and kingdoms

edit
Main articles: Imamate of Futa Jallon and Wassoulou Empire

What is now Guinea sat on the fringes of various West African empires. The earliest, the Ghana Empire, grew on trade and ultimately fell after repeated incursions of the Almoravids. It was in this period that Islam first arrived in the region by way of North African traders. The Sosso Empire came and stayed from 12th to 13th centuries; later, the Mali Empire came when Soundiata Kéïta defeated the Sosso ruler Soumangourou Kanté at the Battle of Kirina in c. 1235. The Mali Empire was ruled by Mansa (Emperors), including Kankou Moussa, who made a hajj to Mecca in 1324. After his reign, the Mali Empire began to decline and was ultimately supplanted by its vassal states in the 15th century.

The Songhai Empire expanded its power in about 1460. It continued to prosper until a civil war, over succession, followed the death of Askia Daoud in 1582. The empire fell to invaders from Morocco in 1591, but the kingdom later split into smaller kingdoms. After the fall of some of the West African empires, various kingdoms existed in what is now Guinea. Fulani Muslims migrated to Futa Jallon in Central Guinea, and established an Islamic state from 1727 to 1896 with a written constitution and alternate rulers. The Wassoulou or Wassulu Empire (1878–1898) was led by Samori Toure in the predominantly Malinké area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou). It moved to Ivory Coast before being conquered by the French.

Colony

edit

European traders competed for the cape trade from the 17th century onward and made inroads earlier.[29][30] Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. The defeat of the armies of Samori Touré, Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinké descent, in 1898 gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas.

France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for Sierra Leone, the Portuguese for their Guinea colony (now Guinea-Bissau), and Liberia. Under the French, the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa, administered by a governor general resident in Dakar. Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies, including Guinea.

 
President Ahmed Sékou Touré was supported by Communist states and, in 1961, visited Yugoslavia.

In 1958, the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially Indochina and Algeria. The French Fifth Republic gave the colonies the choice of autonomy in a new French Community or immediate independence in the referendum of 28 September 1958. Guinea voted overwhelmingly for independence. It was led by Ahmed Sékou Touré, whose Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in the 1957 territorial elections.

The French later withdrew, and on 2 October 1958, Guinea proclaimed itself a sovereign and independent republic, with Sékou Touré as president. Later, Opération Persil was planned by Jacques Foccart; they planned to create large quantities of forged Guinean francs to hyperinflate Guinea's economy and to arm Touré's opposition figures.[31] However, the operation was leaked, and soon, the Guinean was issuing a number of official complaints.[32]

Post-colonial

edit

Under Touré's rule

edit

In 1960, Touré declared the Democratic Party of Guinea the country's only legal political party, and for the next 24 years, the government and PDG were one. Touré was re-elected unopposed to four 7-year terms as president, and every 5 years voters were presented with a single list of PDG candidates for the National Assembly.

On 22 November 1970, Portuguese forces from neighbouring Portuguese Guinea staged Operation Green Sea, a raid on Conakry by several hundred exiled Guinean opposition forces. Among their goals, the Portuguese military wanted to kill or capture Sekou Touré due to his support of PAIGC, an independence movement and rebel group that had carried out attacks inside Portuguese Guinea from their bases in Guinea.[33] After some fighting, the Portuguese-backed forces retreated. Guinea was elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council 1972–73.

In 1977, a declining economy and a ban on all private economic transactions led to the Market Women's Revolt, a series of anti-government riots started by women working in Conakry's Madina Market. Touré vacillated from supporting the Soviet Union to supporting the United States. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw some economic reforms. After the election of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing as French president, trade increased and the two countries exchanged diplomatic visits.

Under Conté's rule

edit

Sékou Touré died on 26 March 1984 after a heart operation in the United States, and was replaced by Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who was to serve as interim president, pending new elections. PDG was due to elect a new leader on 3 April 1984. Under the constitution, that person would have been the only candidate for president. Hours before that meeting, Colonels Lansana Conté and Diarra Traoré seized power in a bloodless coup. Conté assumed the role of president, with Traoré serving as prime minister, until December.

 
U.S. President Jimmy Carter welcoming Ahmed Sékou Touré outside the White House, Washington, D.C., 1979

Conté denounced the previous regime's record on human rights, releasing 250 political prisoners and encouraging approximately 200 thousand more to return from exile. He made explicit the turn away from socialism. In 1992, Conté announced a return to civilian rule, with a presidential poll in 1993, followed by elections to parliament in 1995 (in which his party—the Party of Unity and Progress—won 71 of 114 seats). In September 2001, the opposition leader Alpha Condé was imprisoned for endangering state security and pardoned 8 months later. Subsequently, he spent time in exile in France.

In 2001, Conté organized and won a referendum to lengthen the presidential term, and in 2003, began his third term after elections were boycotted by the opposition. In January 2005, Conté survived a suspected assassination attempt while making a public appearance in Conakry. His opponents claimed that he was a "tired dictator",[34] whose departure was inevitable, whereas his supporters believed that he was winning a battle with dissidents. According to Foreign Policy, Guinea was in danger of becoming a failed state.[35]

In 2000, Guinea suffered as rebels crossed the borders from Liberia and Sierra Leone. Some thought that the country was headed towards a civil war.[36] Conté blamed neighbouring leaders for coveting Guinea's natural resources, and these claims were denied.[37] In 2003, Guinea agreed to plans with her neighbours to tackle the insurgents. The 2007 Guinean general strike resulted in the appointment of a new prime minister.[38]

Political violence and Ebola outbreak

edit

Conté remained in power until his death on 23 December 2008.[39] Several hours after his death, Moussa Dadis Camara seized control in a coup, declaring himself head of a military junta.[40] Protests against the coup became violent, and 157 people were killed when, on 28 September 2009, the junta ordered its soldiers to attack people gathered to protest Camara's attempt to become president.[41] The soldiers went on a rampage of rape, mutilation, and murder, which caused some foreign governments to withdraw their support for the new regime.[42]

On 3 December 2009, an aide shot Camara during a dispute over the rampage in September. Camara went to Morocco for medical care.[42][43] Vice-president (and defense minister) Sékouba Konaté flew from Lebanon to run the country.[44] After meeting in Ouagadougou on 13 and 14 January 2010, Camara, Konaté and Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of 12 principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within 6 months.[45] The presidential election of 27 June[46][47] brought allegations of fraud, and a second election was held on 7 November.[48] Voter turnout was "high", and the elections went "relatively smoothly".[49] Alpha Condé, leader of the opposition party Rally of the Guinean People (RGP), won the election, promising to reform the security sector and review mining contracts.[50]

In February 2013, political violence erupted after street protests over the transparency of the upcoming May elections. The protests were fueled by the opposition coalition's decision to step down from the elections in protest of the lack of transparency in the preparations for elections.[51] Nine people were killed during the protests, and around 220 were injured. Some deaths and injuries were caused by security forces using live ammunition on protesters.[52][53] The violence led to ethnic clashes between the Malinke and Fula, who supported and opposed President Condé, respectively.[54] On 26 March 2013, the opposition party backed out of negotiations with the government over the election, saying that the government had not respected them, and had broken all agreements.[55]

 
The 2019–2020 Guinean protests against the rule of Alpha Condé

On 25 March 2014, the World Health Organization stated that Guinea's Ministry of Health had reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea. This initial outbreak had 86 cases, including 59 deaths. By 28 May, there were 281 cases, with 186 deaths.[56] It is believed that the first case was Emile Ouamouno, a 2-year-old boy in the village of Meliandou. He fell ill on 2 December 2013 and died on 6 December.[57] On 18 September 2014, 8 members of an Ebola education health care team were murdered by villagers in the town of Womey.[58] As of 1 November 2015, there had been 3,810 cases and 2,536 deaths in Guinea.[59]

Mass civil unrest and violent protests broke out against the rule of Alpha Conde on 14 October 2019, against constitutional changes. More than 800 were killed in clashes.[60] After the 2020 Guinean presidential election, Alpha Condé's election to a third term was challenged by the opposition, who accused him of fraud. Condé claimed a constitutional referendum from March 2020 allowed him to run despite the 2-term limit.[61]

On 5 September 2021, after hours of gunfire near the presidential palace, Lieutenant Colonel Mamady Doumbouya seized control of state television and declared that President Alpha Conde's government had been dissolved and the nation's borders closed.[62] By the evening, the putschists had declared control of all of Conakry and the country's armed forces. According to Guinée Matin, by 6 September, the military fully controlled the state administration and started to replace the civil administration with its military counterpart.[63][64] The United Nations, European Union, African Union, ECOWAS (which suspended Guinea's membership), and La Francophonie denounced the coup, and called for President Condé's unconditional release. Similar responses came from some neighboring and Western countries (including the United States),[65][66][67] and from China (which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminum ore, facilitated by its connections to President Condé).[67] Despite these, on 1 October 2021, Mamady Doumbouya was sworn in as interim president.[68]

On 11 May 2023, at least 7 people were shot dead in anti-government demonstrations in cities across Guinea. The anti-government movement became involved in peaceful protests and called on rulers to end military rule in Guinea and transition the country to democracy.[69]

On 18 December 2023, an explosion occurred at the country's main oil depot in Conakry, killing 24 people and causing extensive fuel shortages in the country in the following weeks. Existing civil and economic unrest in the country temporarily worsened as a result, with several confrontations between protestors and police in Conakry, increased fuel and travel costs, and general price inflation throughout the country.

Geography

edit
Main article: Geography of Guinea
 
A map showing Guinea's cities and administrative divisions

Guinea shares a border with Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Ivory Coast to the east, Sierra Leone to the southwest and Liberia to the south. The nation forms a crescent as it curves from its southeast region to the north and west, to its northwest border with Guinea-Bissau and southwestern coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The sources of the Niger River, the Gambia River, and the Senegal River are all found in the Guinea Highlands.[70][71][72] At 245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi), Guinea is roughly the size of the United Kingdom. There are 320 km (200 mi) of coastline and a total land border of 3,400 km (2,100 mi). It lies mostly between latitudes 7° and 13°N, and longitudes 7° and 15°W, with a smaller area that is west of 15°.

 
Köppen climate classification of Guinea

Guinea is divided into 4 regions: Maritime Guinea, also known as Lower Guinea or the Basse-Coté lowlands, populated mainly by the Susu ethnic group; the cooler, more mountainous Fouta Djallon that run roughly north–south through the middle of the country, populated by Fulas; the Sahelian Haute-Guinea to the northeast, populated by Malinké; and the forested jungle regions in the southeast, with several ethnic groups. Guinea's mountains are the source for the Niger, the Gambia, and Senegal Rivers, and rivers flowing to the sea on the west side of the range in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. The highest point in Guinea is Mount Nimba at 1,752 m (5,748 ft). While the Guinean and Ivorian sides of the Nimba Massif are a UNESCO Strict Nature Reserve, the portion of the so-called Guinean Backbone continues into Liberia, where it has been mined for decades; the damage is evident in the Nzérékoré Region at 7°32′17″N 8°29′50″W / 7.53806°N 8.49722°W / 7.53806; -8.49722.

Guinea is home to 5 ecoregions: Guinean montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.[73] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.9/10, ranking it 114th globally out of 172 countries.[74]

Wildlife

edit
Main article: Wildlife of Guinea
 
Badiar National Park

The southern part of Guinea lies within the Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity hotspot, while the north-east is characterized by dry savanna woodlands. Declining populations of some animals are restricted to uninhabited distant parts of parks and reserves.

Species found in Guinea include the following:

Regions and prefectures

edit
Main article: Administrative divisions of Guinea
 
Regions of Guinea

The Republic of Guinea covers 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi) of West Africa, about 10 degrees north of the equator. It is divided into 4 natural regions:

  • Maritime Guinea (La Guinée Maritime) covers 18% of the country.
  • Middle Guinea (La Moyenne-Guinée) covers 20% of the country.
  • Upper Guinea (La Haute-Guinée) covers 38% of the country.
  • Forested Guinea (Guinée forestière) covers 23% of the country, and is both forested and mountainous.
 
Fouta Djallon highlands in central Guinea

Guinea is divided into 8 administrative regions which are subdivided into 33 prefectures. The capital Conakry with a population of 1,675,069 ranks as a special zone.

Region Capital Population
(2014 census by National Institute of Statistics)
Conakry Region Conakry 1,675,069
Nzérékoré Region Nzérékoré 1,591,716
Kindia Region Kindia 1,573,690
Boké Region Boké 1,092,291
Labé Region Labé 1,001,392
Mamou Region Mamou 737,062
Kankan Region Kankan 1,979,038
Faranah Region Faranah 949,589

Politics

edit
Further information: Politics of Guinea

Guinea is a republic. The president is directly elected by the people and is the head of state and the head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body of the country, and its members are directly elected by the people. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court of Guinea [fr], the highest and final court of appeal in the country.[75]

The National Assembly of Guinea, the country's legislative body, did not meet from 2008 to 2013, when it was dissolved after the military coup in December. Elections have been postponed multiple times since 2007. In April 2012, President Condé postponed the elections indefinitely, citing the need to ensure that they were "transparent and democratic".[76] The 2013 Guinean legislative election was held on 24 September.[77] President Alpha Condé's party, the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly of Guinea, with 53 out of 114 seats.[78] Cellou Dalein Diallo's UFDG party won 37 seats, and opposition leaders denounced the official results as fraudulent.[79]

The president of Guinea is normally elected by popular vote for a 5-year term; the winning candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president. The president governs Guinea, assisted by a council of 25 civilian ministers, appointed by him. The government administers the country through 8 regions, 33 prefectures, over 100 subprefectures, and districts (known as communes in Conakry and other cities and villages, or quartiers in the interior). District-level leaders are elected; the president appoints officials to all other levels of the centralized administration. Former President Alpha Condé derived support from Guinea's second-largest ethnic group, the Malinke.[80] Guinea's opposition was backed by the Fula ethnic group,[81] who account for around 33.4% of the population.[82]

Foreign relations

edit
Further information: Foreign relations of Guinea
 
President Alpha Condé with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 28 September 2017

Guinea is a member of the African Union, Agency for the French-Speaking Community, African Development Bank, Economic Community of West African States, World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IMF, and the United Nations.

According to a February 2009 U.S. Department of State statement, Guinea's foreign relations, including those with its West African neighbours, had improved steadily since 1985.[83] The Department's October 2018 statement indicated that although "the U.S. condemned" Guinea's "2008 military coup d'etat," the U.S. had "close relations" with Guinea before the coup, and after "Guinea's presidential elections in 2010, the United States re-established strong diplomatic relations with the government." The statement indicated support for the "legislative elections in 2013 and a second presidential election in 2015" as signs of "democratic reform."[84]

A March 2021 report by the U.S. Department of State blasted extensive human rights violations by the government, security forces and businesses in Guinea. The report cited extensive international criticism of the recent national elections, which yielded "President Alpha Conde's re-election (despite disputed results) [...] following a controversial March referendum amending the constitution and allowing him to run for a third term."[85] The department condemned the 2021 coup. The U.S. called for "national dialogue to address concerns sustainably and transparently".[86][87]

The United Nations promptly denounced the 2021 coup, and some of Guinea's allies condemned the coup. The African Union and West Africa's regional bloc (ECOWAS) both threatened sanctions, while some analysts expect the threats to be of limited effect because Guinea is not a member of the West African currency union and is not a landlocked country.[87] ECOWAS promptly suspended Guinea's membership and demanded the unconditional release of President Condé, while sending envoys to Conakry to attempt a "constitutional" resolution of the situation.[65][66] China (which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminium ore, facilitated by connections to ousted President Condé) openly opposed the coup.[67]

Military

edit
Main article: Military of Guinea

Guinea's armed forces are divided into 5 branches—army, navy, air force, the paramilitary National Gendarmerie and the Republican Guard—whose chiefs report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who is subordinate to the Minister of Defence. In addition, regime security forces include the National Police Force (Sûreté Nationale). The Gendarmerie, responsible for internal security, has a strength of several thousand.

The army, with about 15,000 personnel, is by far the largest branch of the armed forces and is mainly responsible for protecting the state borders, the security of administered territories, and defending Guinea's national interests. Air force personnel total about 700. Its equipment includes several Russian-supplied fighter planes and transports. The navy has about 900 personnel and operates several small patrol craft and barges.

Human rights

edit
Main article: Human rights in Guinea

Homosexuality is illegal in Guinea.[88] The prime minister declared in 2010 that he does not consider sexual orientation a legitimate human right.[20]

Guinea has one of the world's highest rates of female genital mutilation (FGM, sometimes referred to as 'female circumcision') according to Anastasia Gage, an associate professor at Tulane University, and Ronan van Rossem, an associate professor at Ghent University.[89] Female genital mutilation in Guinea had been performed on more than 98% of women as of 2009.[90] In Guinea "almost all cultures, religions, and ethnicities" practice female genital mutilation.[90] The 2005 Demographic and Health Survey reported that 96% of women have gone through the operation.[20]

Economy

edit
Main article: Economy of Guinea

As of the most recent survey in 2018, 66.2% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty and an additional 16.4% vulnerable to it.[25]

 
Malinke fisher women on the Niger River, Niandankoro, Kankan Region, in eastern Guinea
 
Kissidougou market

Agriculture

edit

The agriculture sector at some point employed approximately 75% of the country. The rice is cultivated in the flooded zones between streams and rivers. The local production of rice is not sufficient to feed the country, so rice is imported from Asia. Guinea is one of the emerging regional producers of apples and pears. There are plantations of grapes, pomegranates, and more recent years have seen the development of strawberry plantations, based on the vertical hydroponic system.[91]

Natural resources

edit

Guinea has 25% or more of the world's known bauxite reserves. It has diamonds, gold, and other metals. Bauxite and alumina are the most major exports.

Mining

edit
Main article: Mining industry of Guinea
 
A proportional representation of Guinea exports, 2019

Guinea possesses over 25 billion tonnes (metric tons) of bauxite—and perhaps up to one half of the world's reserves. Its mineral wealth includes more than 4-billion tonnes of high-grade iron ore, and diamond and gold deposits, and uranium.[92]

Joint venture bauxite mining and alumina operations in north-west Guinea historically provide about 80% of Guinea's Foreign exchange reserves. Bauxite is refined into alumina, which is later smelted into aluminium. The Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) exports about 14 million tonnes of high-grade bauxite annually. CBG is a joint venture, 49% owned by the Guinean government and 51% by an international consortium known as Halco Mining Inc., itself a joint venture controlled by aluminium producer Alcoa (AA), global miner Rio Tinto Group and Dadco Investments.[93] CBG has exclusive rights to bauxite reserves and resources in north-western Guinea, through 2038.[94] In 2008, protesters upset about poor electrical services blocked the tracks CBG uses. Guinea includes a proviso in its agreements with international oil companies, requiring its partners to generate power for nearby communities.[95]

The Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (CBK), a joint venture between the government of Guinea and RUSAL, produces some 2.5 million tonnes annually, nearly all of which is exported to Russia and Eastern Europe. Dian Dian, a Guinean/Ukrainian joint bauxite venture, has a projected production rate of 1,000,000 t (1,102,311 short tons; 984,207 long tons) per year, and is not expected to begin operation for several years. The Alumina Compagnie de Guinée (ACG) which took over the former Friguia Consortium produced about 2.4 million tonnes in 2004, as raw material for its alumina refinery. The refinery exports about 750,000 tonnes of alumina. Both Global Alumina and Alcoa-Alcan have signed conventions with the government of Guinea to build large alumina refineries, with a combined capacity of about 4 million tonnes per year.

The Simandou mine is an iron ore reserve.[96] In March 2010, Anglo-Australian corporation Rio Tinto Group and its biggest shareholder, Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chinalco), signed a preliminary agreement to develop Rio Tinto's iron ore project.[97] In 2017, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO), Britain's anti-fraud regulator, launched an official investigation into Rio Tinto's business and mining practices in Guinea.[98]

Tigui Camara, a former model, is the first woman in Guinea to own a mining company which is partially run as a social enterprise.[99]

Oil

edit

In 2006, Guinea signed a production sharing agreement with Hyperdynamics Corporation of Houston to explore an offshore tract, and was then in partnership with Dana Petroleum PLC (Aberdeen, United Kingdom). The initial well, the Sabu-1, was scheduled to begin drilling in October 2011, at a site in approximately 700 metres of water. The Sabu-1 targeted a 4-way anticline prospect with upper Cretaceous sands, and was anticipated to be drilled to a total depth of 3,600 meters.[100]

Following the completion of exploratory drilling in 2012, the Sabu-1 well was not deemed commercially viable.[101] In November 2012, Hyperdynamics subsidiary SCS reached an agreement for a sale of 40% of the concession to Tullow Oil, bringing ownership shares in the Guinea offshore tract to 37% Hyperdynamics, 40% Tullow Oil, and 23% Dana Petroleum.[102] Hyperdynamics will have until September 2016, under the current agreement, to begin drilling its next selected site, the Fatala Cenomanian turbidite fan prospect.[103][104]

Tourism

edit

Among the attractions in Guinea are the waterfalls found mostly in the Basse Guinee (Lower Guinea) and Moyenne Guinee (Middle Guinea) regions. The Soumba cascade at the foot of Mount Kakoulima in Kindia, Voile de la Mariée (Bride's Veil) in Dubreka, the Kinkon cascades that are about 80 m (260 ft) high on the Kokoula River in the prefecture of Pita, the Kambadaga falls that can reach 100 m (330 ft) during the rainy season on the same river, the Ditinn & Mitty waterfalls in Dalaba, and the Fetoré waterfalls and the stone bridge in the region of Labe are among water-related tourist sites.

Sciences and technology

edit

Guinea was ranked 128th out of 132 in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[105]

Transport

edit
Main article: Transport in Guinea

Ahmed Sékou Touré International Airport is the largest airport in the country, with flights to other cities in Africa and to Europe.

Built between 1904 and 1910, a railway once linked Conakry to Kankan via Kouroussa ceased operating in 1995[106] and had been dismantled altogether by 2007 with rails mostly stolen and/or sold for scrap. Plans had at one time been mooted for the passenger line to be rehabilitated as part of an iron-ore development master plan and while the start of work was announced in 2010, corruption charges led the whole master plan to be paused and the line was rebuilt as a 105 km mineral railway, paralleling the older route as far as the mines of Kalia.[107] There is a state run mineral railway linking the bauxite mines of Sangarédi to the port of Kamsar (137 km) and a 1960s narrow-gauge line operated by Russian aluminium producer RusAl to the mines at Fria (143 km).

As part of the plans to restart iron ore mining at Simandou blocks 1 and 2, the new development consortium pledged in 2019 to fund the construction of a new heavy-duty standard gauge railway to Matakong on the Atlantic coast where they would invest some US$20 billion in developing a deepwater port.[108] The 650 km route is longer than an alternative heading south to the port of Buchanan, Liberia, which was considered as an alternative in an October 2019 feasibility study.[109]

Demography

edit
Population in Guinea[110][111]
Year Million
1950 3.0
2000 8.8
2021 13.5
Main article: Demography of Guinea

In 2021, the population of Guinea was estimated to be 13.5 million. Conakry, the capital and most populous city, is a hub of economy, commerce, education, and culture. In 2014, the total fertility rate (TFR) of Guinea was estimated at 4.93 children born per woman.[112]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Guinea
According to the 2014 census[113]
Rank Name Region Pop.
 
Conakry
 
Nzérékoré 		1 Conakry Conakry 1,660,973
2 Nzérékoré Nzérékoré 195,027
3 Kankan Kankan 190,722
4 Manéah Kindia 167,354
5 Dubréka Kindia 157,017
6 Kindia Kindia 138,695
7 Siguiri Kankan 127,492
8 Kissidougou Faranah 99,931
9 Labé Labé 92,654
10 Kamsar Boké 83,428

Many languages are spoken in Guinea. The official language is French. Pular was the native language of 33.9% of the population in 2018, followed by Mandingo with 29.4%. The third most spoken native language is the Susu, spoken by 21.2% of the population in 2018 as their first language. The remainder of the population has other native languages, including Kissi and Kpelle.[1]

The population of Guinea comprises about 24 ethnic groups. The Mandinka, also known as Mandingo or Malinké, comprise 29.4%[114] of the population and are mostly found in eastern Guinea, concentrated around the Kankan and Kissidougou prefectures.[12] The Fulas or Fulani[81] comprise 33.4%[114] of the population and are mostly found in the Futa Djallon region. The Soussou, comprising 21.2% of the population, are predominantly in western areas around the capital Conakry, Forécariah, and Kindia. Smaller ethnic groups make up the remaining 16%[114] of the population, including Kpelle, Kissi, Zialo, Toma and others.[12] In 2017, approximately 10,000 non-Africans lived in Guinea, predominantly Lebanese, French, and other Europeans.[115]

Religion

edit
Further information: Religion in Guinea
Guinea religious groups in 2020[116]
Religion Per cent
Islam
 
 86.8%
Traditional African religion
 
 9.42%
Christianity
 
 3.52%

In 2023, the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) noted that the population was made up of Muslims at 86.8%, Christian 3.52%, and Animist 9.42%.[116] In the past Muslims and Christians have incorporated indigenous African beliefs into their outlook.[117]

The majority of Guinean Muslims are adherent to Sunni Islam, of the Maliki school of jurisprudence, influenced by Sufism.[118] Christian groups include Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, and Evangelical groups. Jehovah's Witnesses are active in the country and recognized by the Government. There is a Baháʼí Faith community. There are numbers of Hindus, Buddhists, and traditional Chinese religious groups among the expatriate community.[119]

There were three days of ethno-religious fighting in the city of Nzerekore in July 2013.[80][120] Fighting between ethnic Kpelle who are Christian or animist, and ethnic Konianke who are Muslims and close to the larger Malinke ethnic group, left at least 54 dead.[120] The dead included people who were killed with machetes and burned alive.[120] The violence ended after the Guinean military imposed a curfew, and President Conde made a televised appeal for calm.[120] In 2021, violence was limited to Kendoumaya, Lower Guinea, and mainly concerned a land rights dispute between locals and a monastery.[121]

Education

edit
Main article: Education in Guinea

In 2010, it was estimated that 41% of adults were literate (52% of males and 30% of females).[122] Primary education is compulsory for 6 years.[123] In 1999, primary school attendance was 40% and children, particularly girls, were kept out of school to assist their parents with domestic work or agriculture[124] or to be married. In 2015, Guinea had "one of the highest rates" of child marriage in the world.[125]

Health

edit
Further information: Health in Guinea

Ebola

edit
Further information: Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa

In 2014, an outbreak of the Ebola virus occurred in Guinea, first started in a village called Meliandou.[126] In response, the health ministry banned the sale and consumption of bats, thought to be carriers of the disease. The virus eventually spread from rural areas to Conakry,[127] and by June 2014, had spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia. In August 2014, Guinea closed its borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, as more new cases of the disease were being reported in those countries than in Guinea.

"Unsafe burials" is a source of the transmission of the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the inability to engage with local communities hindered the ability of health workers to trace the origins and strains of the virus.[128] While WHO terminated the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 29 March 2016,[129] the Ebola Situation Report released on 30 March confirmed 5 more cases in the preceding 2 weeks, with viral sequencing relating 1 of the cases to the November 2014 outbreak.[130] Healthcare visits by the population declined due to fear of infection and to mistrust in the health-care system, and the system's ability to provide routine health-care and HIV/AIDS treatments decreased due to the Ebola outbreak.[131]

Ebola re-emerged again in Guinea in January–February 2021.[132]

HIV/AIDS

edit
Main article: HIV/AIDS in Guinea

An estimated 170,000 adults and children were infected at the end of 2004.[133][134] Surveillance surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 show higher rates of HIV in urban areas than in rural areas. Prevalence was highest in Conakry (5%) and in the cities of the Forest Guinea region (7%) bordering Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.[135]

HIV is spread primarily through multiple-partner intercourse. Men and women are at nearly equal risk for HIV, with people aged 15 to 24 most vulnerable. Surveillance figures from 2001 to 2002 show the rates among commercial sex workers (42%), active military personnel (6.6%), truck drivers and bush taxi drivers (7.3%), miners (4.7%), and adults with tuberculosis (8.6%).[135] Several factors were attributed to what fuel the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea. They include unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, illiteracy, endemic poverty, unstable borders, refugee migration, lack of civic responsibility, and scarce medical care and public services.[135]

Malaria

edit

Malaria is transmitted year-round, with peak transmission from July through October.[136] It is a cause of disability in Guinea.[137]

COVID-19 pandemic

edit
Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea

The first case of COVID-19 was reported in Guinea on 13 March 2020.[138] By the end of 2020, the total number of confirmed cases was 13,722. Of these, 13,141 had recovered, 500 were active, and 81 people had died.[139]

Maternal and child healthcare

edit

The 2021 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea is 576.[140] This is compared with 680 in 2010, 859.9 in 2008 and 964.7 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 146 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 29. In Guinea, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 26.[141] Guinea has the second highest prevalence of female genital mutilation in the world.[142][143]

Malnutrition

edit

A 2012 study reported malnutrition rates with levels ranging from 34% to 40% by region, and acute malnutrition rates above 10% in Upper Guinea's mining zones. The survey showed that 139,200 children underwent acute malnutrition, 609,696 underwent chronic malnutrition and further 1,592,892 have anemia. Degradation of care practices, limited access to medical services, inadequate hygiene practices and a lack of food diversity were said to explain these levels.[144]

Culture

edit
 
A market stall selling vegetables in Dinguiraye Prefecture, Guinea

Media

edit
Main article: Telecommunications in Guinea

Sports

edit

Football is the "most popular sport" in the country of Guinea,[145] alongside basketball.[146] Football operations are run by the Guinean Football Federation.[147] The association administers the national football team, and the national league.[145] It was founded in 1960 and affiliated with FIFA since 1962[148] and with the Confederation of African Football since 1963.[149] The Guinea national football team, nicknamed Syli nationale (National Elephants), have played international football since 1962.[145] Their first opponent was East Germany.[145] They have yet to reach World Cup finals, and were runners-up to Morocco in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1976.[145]

Guinée Championnat National is the top division of Guinean football. Since it was established in 1965, 3 teams have dominated in winning the Guinée Coupe Nationale.[150] Horoya AC has at least 16 titles and is the 2017–2018 champion. Hafia FC (known as Conakry II in 1960s) has at least 15 titles, having dominated in 1960s and 70s. AS Kaloum Star (known as Conakry I in the 1960s) has at least 13 titles. All 3 teams are based in Conakry.[citation needed] Hafia FC won the African Cup of Champions Clubs 3 times, in 1972, 1975 and 1977, while Horoya AC won the 1978 African Cup Winners' Cup.[151]

Polygamy

edit
Further information: Polygamy in Guinea

Polygamy is generally prohibited by law in Guinea, but there are exceptions.[152] In 2020, it was estimated that about 26% of marriages were polygamous (29% Muslim and 10% Christian).[153]

Cuisine

edit
Further information: Cuisine of Guinea

Guinean cuisine varies by region with rice as a staple. Cassava is consumed.[154] Part of West African cuisine, the foods of Guinea include yétissé, peanut sauce, okra sauce and tapalapa bread. In rural areas, food is eaten from a "large serving dish" and eaten by hand outside of homes.[155]

Music

edit
Further information: Music of Guinea
 
Kora, one of the instruments, is shown here.

The traditional instruments of Guinea are the drum, kora, bala and koni.[11]

Visual art

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Guinea". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  3. ^ National Assembly is currently suspended in the wake of the 2021 Guinean coup d'état.
  4. ^ "Guinea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Guinea)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  6. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  7. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Guinea-Conakry". Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  9. ^ "Music Videos of Guinea Conakry". Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  10. ^ "The Anglican Diocese of Ghana". Netministries.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  11. ^ a b "CFI – Africa – Guinea Conakry". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  12. ^ a b c "Nations Online: Guinea – Republic of Guinea – West Africa". Nations Online. Archived from the original on 3 May 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  13. ^ West Africa economic bloc suspends Guinea after military coup, Deutsche Welle (8 September 2021).
  14. ^ a b Nicholas Bariyo & Benoit Faucon, Military Faction Stages Coup in Mineral-Rich Guinea, Wall Street Journal (5 September 2021).
  15. ^ a b Krista Larson, EXPLAINER: Why is history repeating itself in Guinea's coup?, Associated Press (7 September 2021).
  16. ^ a b c Danielle Paquett, Here's what we know about the unfolding coup in Guinea, Washington Post (6 September 2021).
  17. ^ Abdourahmane Diallo and Adam Nossiter, Guinea Votes in Its First Democratic Presidential Election, New York Times (7 November 2010).
  18. ^ a b Guinea, Freedom in the World, Freedom House, 2021.
  19. ^ Saliou Samb, Guinea President Conde vows to tackle corruption during third term, Reuters (15 December 2020).
  20. ^ a b c Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2012). "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Guinea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  21. ^ "Religion in Guinea". Visual Geography. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  22. ^ "The Pan African Bank". Ecobank. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Guinea Conakry: Major Imports, Exports, Industries & Business Opportunities in Guinea Conakry, Africa". Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  24. ^ "Guinea Conakry Support – Guinee Conakry Trade and Support. (GCTS)". Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  25. ^ a b "Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 Guinea" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports. 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  26. ^ Zounmenou, David (2 January 2009). "Guinea: Hopes for Reform Dashed Again". allAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  27. ^ "UN Human Development Report 2009". Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  28. ^ Ross, Will (2 October 2008). "Africa | Guineans mark '50 years of poverty'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  29. ^ "John Lovell". in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981. History of Parliament Online website Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  30. ^ "America and West Indies: October 1653." Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 1, 1574–1660. Ed. W Noel Sainsbury. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1860. 409–410. British History Online website Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  31. ^ Gladstein, Alex; Keita, Mohamed (16 October 2024). "Macron Isn't So Post-Colonial After All". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  32. ^ Le Gatt, Louise (20 December 2018). "La déstabilisation en Afrique : opérations secrètes pour la préservation du "pré carré" africain francophone" [Destabilization in Africa: Secret Operations for the Preservation of the French-speaking African "Private Preserve"]. Le blog d'ISD (in French). Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  33. ^ "Black revolt". The Economist. 22 November 1980. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  34. ^ "Welcome Guinea Forum: Cornered, General Lansana Conte can only hope". Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Failed States list 2008". Fund for Peace. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  36. ^ "Civil war fears in Guinea". BBC News. 23 October 2000. Archived from the original on 19 June 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  37. ^ "Guinea head blames neighbours". BBC News. 6 January 2001. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  38. ^ "Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution (ASPR) | Peace Castle Austria" (PDF). ASPR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  39. ^ McGreal, Chris (23 December 2008). "Lansana Conté profile: Death of an African 'Big Man'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  40. ^ Walker, Peter (23 December 2008). "Army steps in after Guinea president Lansana Conté dies". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  41. ^ "Guinea massacre toll put at 157". London: BBC. 29 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  42. ^ a b MacFarquhar, Neil (21 December 2009). "U.N. Panel Calls for Court in Guinea Massacre". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  43. ^ "Guinean soldiers look for ruler's dangerous rival". malaysianews.net. 5 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  44. ^ Guinea's presidential guard explains assassination motive Archived 10 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Xinhua News Agency. 16 December 2009.
  45. ^ "Signature, à Ouagadougou, d'un accord de sortie de crise. (French)". Le Monde. 17 January 2010.
  46. ^ afrol News – Election date for Guinea proposed Archived 29 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Afrol.com. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  47. ^ Guinea to hold presidential elections in six months _English_Xinhua Archived 10 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. News.xinhuanet.com (16 January 2010). Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  48. ^ "Guinea sets date for presidential run-off vote". BBC News. 9 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  49. ^ "Guinea sees big turnout in presidential run-off poll", BBC (7 November 2010) Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC.co.uk (7 November 2010). Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  50. ^ Conde declared victorious in Guinea – Africa | IOL News Archived 19 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. IOL.co.za (16 November 2010). Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  51. ^ "Guinea opposition pulls out of legislative elections process". Reuters. 24 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  52. ^ "Security forces break up Guinea opposition funeral march". Reuters. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  53. ^ Daniel Flynn (5 March 2013). "Two more killed in Guinea as protests spread". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  54. ^ "Ethnic Clashes Erupt in Guinea Capital". Voice of America. Reuters. 1 March 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  55. ^ Bate Felix (26 March 2013). "Guinea election talks fail, opposition threatens protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  56. ^ "Previous Updates: 2014 West Africa Outbreak". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  57. ^ "Ebola: Patient zero was a toddler in Guinea – CNN". CNN. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  58. ^ "Arrests Made in Killings of Guinea Ebola Education Team". The Wall Street Journal. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  59. ^ "Ebola Situation Report – 4 November 2015". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  60. ^ "Timeline: A year of bloody protests in Guinea". Al Jazeera. 14 October 2020.
  61. ^ "Guinea elections: Alpha Condé wins third term amid violent protests". BBC News. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Army colonel on Guinean TV says govt dissolved, borders shut". AP NEWS. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  63. ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone International- (5 September 2021). "Coup d'État en Guinée, le président Alpha Condé capturé par les putschistes". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  64. ^ Guineematin (6 September 2021). "Changement de pouvoir en Guinée : Lamine Keïta remplace Mohamed Gharé au gouvernorat de N'Zérékoré". Guinée Matin – Les Nouvelles de la Guinée profonde (in French). Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  65. ^ a b "West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry," 9 September 2021, Reuters News Service, retrieved 9 September 2021
  66. ^ a b "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup," 9 September 2021, BBC News, retrieved 9 September 2021
  67. ^ a b c "China Is OK With Interfering in Guinea's Internal Affairs,", 8 September 2021, Foreign Policy retrieved 9 September 2021
  68. ^ "Guinea coup leader sworn in as interim president". www.aljazeera.com.
  69. ^ "Anti-government riots flare in Guinea after seven reported dead". Reuters. 11 May 2023.
  70. ^ "The Senegal River basin". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  71. ^ "The Niger River basin". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  72. ^ "The West Coast". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  73. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  74. ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  75. ^ Samb, Saliou (16 November 2013). "Guinea's Supreme Court rejects election challenges". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  76. ^ RNW Africa Desk (28 April 2012). "Guinea president postpones parliamentary elections indefinitely". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  77. ^ "Guinea election body sets legislative polls for September 24". Reuters. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  78. ^ "Guinea's Supreme Court upholds election result". BBC News. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  79. ^ "Guinea profile - Leaders". BBC News. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  80. ^ a b ""Guinea's Conde appeals for calm after 11 killed in ethnic clashes", Reuters, 16 July 2013". Reuters. 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  81. ^ a b In French: Peul. In Fula: Fulɓe.
  82. ^ "Guinea". 23 September 2021.
  83. ^ Background Note: Guinea, US Department of State, February 2009
  84. ^ "U.S. Relations With Guinea," 30 October 2018, United States Department of State, retrieved 6 September 2021
  85. ^ "2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Guinea," 30 March 2021, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, retrieved 9 September 2021
  86. ^ "On the Military Seizure of Power in Guinea,", 5 September 2021, United States Department of State, retrieved 6 September 2021
  87. ^ a b "Guinea coup leader bars foreign travel for government officials," Reuters News Service, retrieved 6 September 2021
  88. ^ "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death". The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  89. ^ Van Rossem, R; Gage, AJ (2009). "The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea". Arch Sex Behav. 38 (2): 178–85. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9237-5. PMID 17943434. S2CID 40103661.
  90. ^ a b Rossem, R. V.; Gage, A. J. (2009). "The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (2): 178–185. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9237-5. PMID 17943434. S2CID 40103661.
  91. ^ Madiou, Sow (2020). "Impact on agricultural productivity in Guinea of R&D Investment, Foreign Aid and Climate Change". North American Academic Research. 3: 86–106. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3611652. S2CID 244984398.
  92. ^ 'How a diamond tycoon lost his shine in 'difficult places' A bribery case goes beyond a mine in Guinea' Article by Rachel Millard in The Sunday Times 25 August 2019. Report on huge corruption in Guinea and the trial of diamond mogul Beny Steinmetz in Switzerland, alleging millions of dollars paid in bribes to Madamie Toure, wife of the late Lansana Conte.
  93. ^ "Guinea bauxite miner CBG plans $1 bln expansion to meet demand". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  94. ^ "Dadco Alumina & Chemicals". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  95. ^ Saliou Samb; Daniel Magnowski (1 November 2008). "One dead in Guinea protest, mine trains stop". Minesandcommunities.org. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  96. ^ "Faits et chiffres" [Facts and Numbers]. riotintosimandou.com. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  97. ^ "Rio Tinto, Chinalco, agree to develop Guinea iron ore field". AFP. 19 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  98. ^ "SFO says it is investigating Rio Tinto over Guinea operations". The Guardian. 25 July 2017. ISSN 0261-3077.
  99. ^ "TIGUI CAMARA: Leading In The Male Dominated Mining Industry". African Leadership Magazine. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  100. ^ "Hyperdynamics Corporation – Jasper Explorer Drill Ship En Route to Hyperdynamics' First Exploration Drilling Site Offshore Guinea". Investors.hyperdynamics.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  101. ^ "Hyperdynamics completes drilling at Sabu-1 well offshore Guinea-Conakry". Offshore-technology.com. 14 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  102. ^ "Tullow Oil Agrees Farm-in to Guinea Concession". Tullowoil.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  103. ^ Hyperdynamics. "Overview of the Guinea Project". Hyperdynamics.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  104. ^ Thomas Adolff; Charlotte Elliott (21 January 2014). "Tullow Oil". Equity Research. Credit Suisse. p. 15. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  105. ^ WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 978-92-805-3432-0. Retrieved 29 October 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  106. ^ Amadou Timbo Barry (14 May 2015). "Kankan : Le chemin de fer Conakry-Niger à quand sa réhabilitation ?". Guinee News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
  107. ^ "Georges Pilot's history of railways in West Africa (in French)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  108. ^ "Africa Confidential December 2019".
  109. ^ "SP Global report, November 2019".
  110. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  111. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  112. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  113. ^ "Cities and Regions". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  114. ^ a b c "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  115. ^ "US State Dept 2017 report". State.gov. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  116. ^ a b "National Profiles | World Religion". thearda.com.
  117. ^ "Guinea 2012 International Religious Freedom Report", US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  118. ^ Harrow, Kenneth (1983). "A Sufi Interpretation of 'Le Regard du Roi'". Research in African Literatures. 14 (2): 135–164. JSTOR 3818383.
  119. ^ US State Dept 2022 report This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  120. ^ a b c d ""Guinean troops deployed after deadly ethnic clashes", BBC Africa, 17 July 2013". BBC News. 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  121. ^ "US State Dept 2022 report".
  122. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  123. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015: Guinea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  124. ^ Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) 2001 – U.S. Department of Labor Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Dol.gov. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  125. ^ According to the WHO:"The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; India, 66%; Guinea, 63%; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and Malawi, 50%."[1] Archived 24 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ^ "Ground zero in Guinea: the Ebola outbreak smoulders – undetected – for more than 3 months". World Health Organization. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  127. ^ "Ebola: Guinea outbreak reaches capital Conakry". BBC. 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  128. ^ "Ebola Situation Report – 4 March 2015 | Ebola". apps.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  129. ^ "Ebola is no longer a public health emergency". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  130. ^ "Ebola Situation Report – 30 March 2016 | Ebola". apps.who.int. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  131. ^ Ndawinz, Jacques D A; Cissé, Mohamed; Diallo, Mohamadou S K; Sidibé, Cheik T; D'Ortenzio, Eric (April 2015). "Prevention of HIV spread during the Ebola outbreak in Guinea" (PDF). The Lancet. 385 (9976): 1393. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60713-9. PMID 25890415. S2CID 41478740.
  132. ^ "Guinea declares Ebola epidemic: First deaths since 2016". Africa. BBC News. BBC. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021. Guinea has officially declared that it is dealing with an Ebola epidemic after the deaths of at least three people from the virus.
    They – and four others – fell ill with diarrhoea, vomiting and bleeding after attending the burial of a nurse. [...] A nurse who worked a health centre in Goueké, near the south-eastern city of Nzérékoré, died on 28 January and her funeral was held four days later.
  133. ^ "Status of HIV/AIDS in Guinea, 2005" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
  134. ^ "Epidemiological Fact Sheets: HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, December 2006" (PDF). World Health Organization. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
  135. ^ a b c   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Health Profile: Guinea". USAID (March 2005).
  136. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  137. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  138. ^ "EU employee tests positive for coronavirus in Guinea's first case". Reuters. 13 March 2020.
  139. ^ "COVID-19 and W/Africa: 1,994 new cases, 31 new deaths in 24 hours". APA. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  140. ^ "Impact Brief: Guinea". 21 May 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  141. ^ "The State of the World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  142. ^ "WHO – Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices". Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  143. ^ "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change – UNICEF DATA" (PDF). Unicef.org. 22 July 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  144. ^ "Enquête nationale nutrition-santé, basée sur la méthodologie SMART, 2011–2012" (PDF). World Food Programme. 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  145. ^ a b c d e Falola, Toyin; Jean-Jacques, Daniel (14 December 2015). Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. pp. 568–569. ISBN 9781598846669. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  146. ^ Guinea, Post Report. United States Department of State. 1985. p. 9. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  147. ^ "At a glance: Guinea – Football boosts girls' education". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  148. ^ "Associations: Guinea". FIFA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  149. ^ "Member Associations: Fédération Guinéenne de Football (FGF)". Confederation of African Football. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  150. ^ "Guinea: List of champions". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  151. ^ Kuhn, Gabriel (15 March 2011). Soccer vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics. PM Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781604865240.[permanent dead link‍]
  152. ^ Articles 315–319 Archived 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Civil Code of the Republic of Guinea (Code Civil de la Republique de Guinee)
  153. ^ "Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions". 7 December 2020.
  154. ^ "Recipes & Cookbooks". Friends of Guinea. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  155. ^ "Eating in the Embassy: Guinean Embassy Brings West African Food To Washington". WAMU. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2017.

Notes

edit
  1. ^ French: Guinée, Pular: 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫, romanized: Gine, Wolof: Gine, N'Ko: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫, Bambara: Gine
edit

11°N 10°W / 11°N 10°W / 11; -10

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinea&oldid=1263163334"