Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic,[2][3][4] or Lishanid Noshan, is a modern Jewish-Aramaic dialect, a variant of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic. It was originally spoken in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, in and around Hewler between the Great Zab and Little Zab rivers, it was also spoken in Turkey in the city of Cizre and its environs and in the Hakkari Mountains. Most speakers now live in Israel.
| Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic | |
|---|---|
| לשניד נשן Lišānîd Nošān lit. 'the language of our people', לשנא דידן Lišānā Dîdān, lit. 'our language' | |
| Pronunciation | [liʃɑˈnid noˈʃɑ̃] |
| Region | Jerusalem, originally from eastern and northern Iraq and Southeastern Turkey. |
Native speakers | 3,500 (2018)[1] |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | aij |
| Glottolog | lish1245 |
| ELP | Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic |
Phonology
editLishanid Noshan has 40 phonemes. 34 of them are consonants, and 6 of them are vowels. Laryngeals and pharyngeals originally found in Lishanid Noshan have not been preserved. In Aramaic, *ʕ, a voiced pharyngeal fricative is prominent in words. However, it has weakened in Lishanid Noshan to /ʔ/ or zero.[5]
Regarding interdental fricatives, there has been a shift seen with *t and *d. *h, the original unvoiced pharyngeal fricative, has fused with the velar fricative /x/ in Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects. This is not the case for Lishanid Noshan. *h can still be seen in some words such as dbh, which means "to slaughter."[5]
Word stress often occurs on the final syllable of stems of nominals and verbs.[6]
| Labial | Dental / Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops / affricates | Unvoiced | p | t | tʃ | k | q | ʔ | |
| Voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | ||||
| Unaspirated | (t˭) | (tʃ˭) | (k˭) | |||||
| Emphatic | tˤ (dˤ) | |||||||
| Fricatives | Unvoiced | f | s | ʃ | x | ħ | h | |
| Voiced | w | z | (ʒ) | ɣ | ʕ | |||
| Emphatic | sˤ (zˤ) | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Lateral | l (lˤ) | |||||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j |
Grammar
editWord Order
editSubjects in Lishand Noshan often come before the verb when they are full nominals. The referent of subject nominals in this canonical order can be identified from the prior discourse or through assumed shared information between the speakers. Sometimes, it can also be used when the referent of the subject nominal has not been entered into the discourse yet and is not identifiable by the hearer.[8]
- ʔiyyá kābrá qìmle.
- This man got up.
Nominals that function as direct objects in verb clauses are normally positioned before the verb.[9]
Articles
editDefinite articles
editIn Lishanid Noshan, -ake is the definite article. According to Khan, this affix is another sign of how Kurdish dialects have influenced this language; the Kurdish dialects have -aka for the direct case and -akay in the oblique case. When -ake is added to a noun, the singular and plural endings -a and -e are taken off.[10]
Indefinite articles
editDefiniteness is expressed if the speaker assumes the hearer has background knowledge on the nominal being inserted into the conversation.[11]
Negation
editRegarding negative copular clauses, Lishanid Noshan differentiates constructions that use the negative present versus the negative past.
Negative present copula
editNegative present copula is often inserted before or after the predicate. This particular copula usually contains the main stress of the intonation group. This phenomenon can happen in the middle of a predicate phrase.
- ʔiyyá mewānid didì lewé?
- Is he not my guest?[12]
Negative past copula
editThis particular type of copular comes before the predicate in Lishanid Noshan very often. The main stress is inserted either on the predicate phrase or on la, the negator in Lishanid Noshan. Subject nominals are seen either before or after the copula.
- lá-wela mga-làxxa.
- It was not like here.[12]
Interrogative clauses
editInterrogative clauses that can be answered with a yes or a no are differentiated from non-interrogative clauses solely by intonation. The yes-no type of interrogatives has an intonation pattern that rises in pitch where the main stress is; there is no drop in pitch in any of the syllables that come after the part where the main stress is.
- gbát xa-čày?
- Do you want a tea?
- lā la-ġzèlox mallá?
- Have you not seen the mullah?[13]
Prepositional case
editCertain verbs in Lishanid Noshan mark their complement with the preposition b-.
- badéniwa bi-xlulá.
- They began the wedding.
- tqèle-bbeu.
- He pleaded with him.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Kim 2008, p. 513.
- ^ "Did you know Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic is severely endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Mutzafi, Hezy (2008). "Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 71 (3): 409–431. doi:10.1017/S0041977X08000815. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 40378798. S2CID 162155580.
- ^ a b Khan, Geoffrey (1999). "The Neo-Aramaic Dialect Spoken by Jews from the Region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 62 (2): 213–255. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00016682. JSTOR 3107487. S2CID 162864005.
- ^ Kim, Ronald (2008). "'Stammbaum' or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 505–531. JSTOR 25608409.
- ^ Khan 1999, p. 17.
- ^ Khan (1999), p. 334.
- ^ Khan (1999), p. 342.
- ^ Khan (1999), p. 195.
- ^ Khan (1999), p. 173.
- ^ a b Khan (1999), p. 320.
- ^ Khan (1999), p. 358.
- ^ Khan (1999), p. 299.
- Heinrichs, Wolfhart (ed.) (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.
- Khan, Geoffrey (1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel. Leiden: EJ Brill. ISBN 90-04-11510-2.