LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila)

During the construction of the first line of the Manila Light Rail Transit System in the early 1980s, a Swiss company called Electrowatt Engineering Services designed a comprehensive plan for metro service in Metro Manila. The plan—still used as the basis for planning new metro lines—consisted of a 150-kilometer (93 mi) network of rapid transit lines spanning all major corridors within 20 years, including a line on the Radial Road 6 alignment, one of the region's busiest road corridor.

On March 16, 1988, the project was approved by the cabinet, and a feasibility study for the LRT Line 2, then called the MRT Line 2 project,^[14][9] that would connect Marikina to the City of Manila via Aurora Boulevard and Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard was carried out in the same year.^[15] Lavalin of Canada was interested in planning to build the line when the Philippine government would look to have a contract similar to the Bangkok system that was to be developed by the company (this was cancelled in 1992).^[16] The project was to be bid out as a build-operate-transfer project together with the LRT Line 1 capacity expansion project in 1989.^[15] In the same year, when President Corazon Aquino directed transportation secretary Rainerio Reyes to speed up the implementation of the line, the project was one of the 10 major infrastructure projects worth ₱8.7 billion.^[17][18]

Although sixteen firms were reported to have submitted bids for the line's construction,^[19] the bidding failed, causing delays. Only one consortium, made up of Japanese-European firms (Marubeni, Leighton, and Tractabel) and another Japanese firm, RRA International, attended the actual bidding. This means that the bidding for LRT 2 as a BOT project was unilaterally cancelled by transportation secretary Oscar Orbos, apparently in favor of a “ground-level” transit system.^[15][20]

Another feasibility study was conducted in 1991 with financing from the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF). The final revised project was approved on December 13, 1995 as a separate project from the LRT-1 capacity expansion project.^[21][22][15] Early in 1994, the planned route was to run from Recto inside the Old Bilibid Prison to Katipunan, totaling 11.8 kilometers, but the actual route is 10 kilometers; the plan was also to have a depot located at the vacant site of Quezon Institute, and the plan was to have 26 2-car trains.^[23]

The LRT Line 2 project officially began in 1996, twelve years after the opening of Line 1, with the granting of the official development assistance loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)^[24] for the line's construction starting in March of that year.^[11] The LRTA would have ownership of the system and assume all administrative functions, such as the regulation of fares and operations as well as the responsibility over construction and maintenance of the system and the procurement of spare parts for trains.

Construction started with a groundbreaking ceremony on November 15, 1997, after the LRTA signed the first three packages of the agreement with Sumitomo Corporation delivering Package 1 in which covers the construction of the depot and its facilities,^[29][30] while the Hanjin–Itochu joint venture delivered packages 2 and 3 in which covers the substructure and the superstructure plus the stations respectively.^[31][32]

The project suffered delays in 1998 when the fourth package of the project, which includes the communications and fares systems, vehicles, and trackworks, were alleged to be anomalous, according to Senator Juan Ponce Enrile.^[33] Although it was promptly corrected by the Estrada administration after it assumed power in the middle of that year, it encountered similar problems two years later. In April 2000, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) met with officials from the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC). Out of the eight bidders, only two, Ansaldo; and Mitsui with Siemens, passed the technical evaluation process. To accommodate more bidders, especially that another two were disqualified, NEDA Secretary Felipe Medalla reportedly planned to lower the pre-qualification criteria from seventy percent to fifty percent, a move strongly opposed by the DOTC which reiterated that the seventy percent passing mark was only approved by the JBIC. However, Medalla reportedly justified his actions, saying that the JBIC was dissatisfied with the two qualified bidders and would stop all loans to the Philippines if more bidders were not added.^[34]

Finally, in September 2000, Package 4 was awarded to the Asia-Europe MRT Consortium (AEMC), a consortium led by Marubeni and composed of Balfour Beatty, Toshiba, Daewoo Heavy Industries, and a local company which was D.M. Consuji Incorporated (DMCI).^[35][24][36] AEMC, through Marubeni Corporation, entered into a contract with Singapore Technologies Engineering on December 12 of that year to supply and install the communications system, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, automatic fare collection system, and the management information system.^[28] The consortium provided the eighteen four-car trainsets built by Rotem and Toshiba.

During construction, the LRTA, along with the project consultants oversaw all the design, construction, equipping, testing, commissioning, and technical supervision of the project activities. Halcrow was appointed in 1997 as the lead consultant for the project.^[37]

The pre-casting segmental method, a method used to launch girders and connect them to create a full span, was used in the construction of the original 13.8-kilometer (8.6 mi) line.^[6][5][38]

On April 5, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo inaugurated the line, effectively opening the first 4.3 kilometers (2.7 mi) from Santolan to Araneta Center-Cubao. Accompanying the president were former president Corazon Aquino, Transportation Secretary Leandro Mendoza, LRTA chief Teddy Cruz Jr., and other officials, who were the first official passengers of the "Megatren". Fares were free of charge until April 9.^[39] All remaining stations opened on April 5, 2004,^[38] except for Recto which opened on the following October 29.^[40][41] However, ridership was initially moderate yet still far below expectations, since the passenger volume in this line is not yet fully achieved.^[11]

To address passenger complaints on the lack of universal access on earlier train lines, the LRTA made sure during the construction phase that the stations were equipped with universal access by putting up escalators and elevators for easier access, as well as making passenger fares at par with the other existing lines. However, while all stations have elevators to and from the platform, not all stations have elevators to and from the station concourse on both sides of the road.

Plans to extend the line to Antipolo in the province of Rizal were first laid out in 1999 as part of the Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study Master Plan by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).^[42] The extension was first approved by the Investment Coordination Committee (ICC) board of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in October 2003.^[43][44]

On August 3, 2006, the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) announced its intention to extend the line eastward to Antipolo, also intending to extend the line westward to Port Area, Manila.^[45] In May 2011, LRTA secured commitments from the Philippine National Bank, Development Bank of the Philippines, and the Land Bank of the Philippines to fund the extension project.^[46] JICA then released a feasibility study report the following October.^[5] The 3.8-kilometer (2.4 mi) extension, starting from the eastern terminus of Santolan up to Antipolo station in Antipolo, called for two additional stations: Emerald station (now Marikina–Pasig) in Marikina near Sta. Lucia Mall and Robinsons Metro East; and Masinag (now Antipolo), in Antipolo near SM City Masinag. The ₱9.7 billion project, at its current form, was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority chaired by then-President Benigno Aquino III on September 4, 2012.^[47] The Philippine national government funded the civil works contracts, while JICA funded the contract for the electrical and mechanical systems as part of its Capacity Enhancement of Mass Transit Systems in Metro Manila Project (CEMTSMMP) through a ¥43.2-billion loan for various projects of railway lines in Metro Manila.^[48][49] The project aimed to accommodate an additional 80,000 passengers and reduce traffic congestion along Marcos Highway.^[50]

The first two packages, awarded to D.M. Consunji Incorporated (DMCI), covered the design and construction of the viaduct and stations.^[51][52] Unlike the original line which used the pre-casting segmental method of construction, the east extension viaduct made use of AASHTO girders with a deck slab above the girders.^[5] Meanwhile, the third package, awarded to Marubeni and DMCI, covered the design and installation of the railway tracks and electrical and mechanical (E&M) systems of the extension.^[53] The project broke ground on June 9, 2015, with an original 2017 deadline.^[54] On May 30, 2017, another groundbreaking ceremony was held to mark the start of construction of the two stations.^[52] The final phase of construction, covering the installation of the tracks, electrical and mechanical systems, commenced on April 16, 2019.^[55] During construction, on March 10, 2017, a truck slammed in a concrete post of the east extension viaduct, killing one and injuring two.^[56]

The initial 2017 deadline was not met, largely due to delays in the station's construction and the installation of the electrical and mechanical systems. It was repeatedly moved to 2020, before being delayed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^{[57][58][59][60]} Nevertheless, the extension was inaugurated by President Rodrigo Duterte on July 1, 2021, before formally opening four days later with free rides for two weeks.^[4][61][48]

In the following two months since its opening, a shuttle service was implemented between Antipolo and Santolan pending the completion of signaling integration, with one train running within the line's extension. This arrangement caused passenger complaints concerning its inefficiency, which was further exacerbated by the lack of operational trains.^[62][63] Seamless end-to-end services were initially expected to begin within two weeks after opening,^[64] but only started two months later on September 3, after integration works were completed.^[a]

Plans for the extension to Cogeo were mentioned in 1992.^[67][68] The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has also proposed for a second phase of the east extension to extend the line to Cogeo and downtown Antipolo. There are provisions at the end of the current rail line at Antipolo station for an extension. Two proposals were presented by JICA: a 3-kilometer (1.9 mi), one-station underground extension, and a 6-kilometer (3.7 mi), five-station extension, both originating from Antipolo station.^[13] As of November 2022, the feasibility study is nearing its conclusion. The extension would have three stations and the alignment is still being finalized.^[69][70][71]

The rail line serves the cities that Radial Road 6 passes through: Manila, San Juan, Quezon City, Marikina, Pasig (depot), and Antipolo. The rails are mostly elevated and erected either over or along the roads covered, with sections below ground before and after the Katipunan station, the only underground station on the line.

The line serves 13 stations along its 17.6-kilometer (10.9 mi)-route.^[72] The western terminus of the line is the Recto station at Recto Avenue, while the eastern terminus of the line is the Antipolo station along Marikina–Infanta Highway.

Three stations serve as connecting stations between other lines in the metro. Pureza is within walking distance to the Santa Mesa station of the PNR Metro Commuter Line; Araneta Center–Cubao is indirectly connected to the station of the same name on the MRT Line 3 through local streets and inter-connected mall passageways inside Araneta City; and Recto is indirectly connected to the Doroteo Jose station of the LRT Line 1 through a covered walkway. No stations are connected to other rapid transit lines within the paid areas.

The line currently runs from 5:00 a.m. PST (UTC+8) until 9:30 p.m. on a daily basis.^[73] It operates almost every day of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules are announced via the PA system at every station and also in newspapers and other mass media. During Holy Week, a public holiday in the Philippines, the rail system is closed for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes after Easter Sunday.^[74] During the Christmas and year-end holidays, the operating hours of the line are modified and shortened, due to the low ridership of the line during the holidays.^[75]

Stations in the line are located above ground, except for Katipunan, which is located underground. Stations have a standard layout, with a concourse level and a platform level. The concourse contains ticket booths and is usually below the platform except for the underground station, with stairs, escalators and elevators leading down to the platform level. The levels are separated by fare gates. All stations are barrier-free inside and outside the station, and trains have spaces for passengers using wheelchairs.

Most station platforms are 100 meters (330 ft) long and 3.5 to 4.5 meters (11 to 15 ft) wide, with some stations having a length of 120 to 150 meters (390 to 490 ft).^[6] All stations have side platforms, with the exception of Santolan, which as an island platform. Part of the platform at the front of the train is cordoned off for the use of pregnant women, children, elderly, and persons with disabilities. At side-platform stations, passengers are able to switch platforms at the concourse level without leaving the closed system, while passengers can easily switch sides at stations with island platforms. Stations have toilets at the concourse level, both inside and outside the closed system.

Folding bicycles are allowed to be brought into trains provided that it does not exceed the LRTA's baggage size limitations of 2 by 2 feet (20 by 20 in).^[76] The last car of each train is also designated as "green zones", where folding bicycle users can ride with their bikes.^[77]

The line has a total of 72 escalators and 40 elevators across all 13 stations.^[78] However, by 2021, only a few elevators and escalators remain operational due to anomalies and corruption involving the procurement contracts,^[79][80] causing complaints from passengers.^[10] The elevators and escalators are being repaired and restored since 2022,^[81] and more are being repaired and restored as of April 2022.^[78]

Stations have at least one stall or stand where people can buy food or drinks, which vary by station. Some stations, such as Araneta Center-Cubao, are connected at concourse level to nearby buildings, such as shopping malls, for easier accessibility.

Since November 19, 2001, in cooperation with the Philippine Daily Inquirer, passengers have been offered copies of the Inquirer Libre, a free, tabloid-size, Tagalog version of the Inquirer, which is available at all stations.^[82][83]

The line is designed and was forecasted to carry 570,000 passengers daily.^[11] However, the line operates under its designed capacity since its opening,^[84] government officials have admitted that system extensions are overdue, although in the absence of major investment in the system's expansion, LRTA has resorted to experimenting with and/or implementing other solutions to maximize the use of the system, including having bus feeder lines.^[85]

Before the pandemic, the line had a ridership of 200,000 passengers, but the ridership soon decreased in 2019 due to lack of trains and a power trip that closed three stations in October 2019 that was reopened in January 2021. The line served 33,267 passengers daily on average in 2021,^[72] with eight trains available for revenue service running at an operating speed of 60 kilometers per hour (37 mph) in ten-minute intervals, and one train in reserve for rush hour services, which cuts the time intervals to a minimum of eight minutes.^[86] Ridership through the year 2024 reached 138,455 daily passengers, while the line's annual total ridership increased to 49.42 million passengers, which serves as the highest total passenger ridership count in 3 years.^[3] In August 2024, the total daily average of passengers commuting along the line reached 149,331 passengers.^[2]

The line runs sixteen electric multiple units made in South Korea by Hyundai Rotem powered by Toshiba-made VVVF inverters.^[92] The trains came in together with the fourth package during the system's construction. The four-car trains have a capacity of 1,628 passengers, which is more than the normal capacity of the rolling stock of Lines 1 and 3. The trains are capable of running at a maximum design speed of 80 kilometers per hour (50 mph), but only run at a maximum operational speed of 60 kilometers per hour (37 mph). These trains prominently use wrap advertising.

In 2017, the entire train fleet was retrofitted with the TUBE (formerly known as PARDS), a passenger information system powered by LCD screens installed near the ceiling of the train that shows news, advertisements, current train location, arrivals and station layouts.^[93]

In 2019, the train ventilation was upgraded to replace the aging air-conditioning units and to alleviate complaints of the commuters for uncomfortable hot rides.^[94] Two years later, three train sets underwent refurbishment and resulted in new fitted propulsion systems and train monitoring systems from Woojin Industrial Systems.^[95]

The LRTA is also acquiring 14 additional train sets by 2020 to augment the existing 18 sets, due to the expected increase of passengers ahead of the East Extension, and the West Extension.^[96] The purchase however was delayed to 2022.^{[97][needs update]}

Included in the design-and-build contract of the west extension is the procurement of five four-car train sets.^[98]

The line maintains an at-grade depot in Barangay Santolan in Pasig, near Santolan station in the side of Barangay Calumpang in Marikina. The depot occupies approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) of space and serves as the headquarters for light and heavy maintenance.^[37] Due to its location in a flood-prone area, the depot was raised 2 meters (6.6 ft) above ground level.^[37] It is connected to the mainline network by a spur line.

The depot is capable of storing 24 sets of electric multiple units, with the option to expand to include more vehicles as demand arises. They are parked on several sets of tracks, which converge onto the spur route and later on to the main network.^[99]

There are eight decommissioned 1000 class and one set of 1100 class trains formerly used in LRT Line 1 being stored in this depot due to the expansion of the Line 1 depot in Parañaque.

The line uses a fixed block system with automatic train control (ATC), which has three subsystems: automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO), and Rail9000 automatic train supervision (ATS). The ATO subsystem automatically drives the trains, while the opening and closing of doors is controlled by an onboard train attendant. The ATP system, meanwhile, maintains safe operations and monitors the train's speed. Lastly, the Rail9000 ATS system is located at the operations control center at the line's Santolan Depot, which directs train operations and monitors the train movement along the line.^[6] Other components of the signaling system includes train detection through track circuits and Westrace MK1 computer-based interlocking.^[8][99]

The signaling equipment were manufactured by Westinghouse Signals (later Westinghouse Rail Systems, acquired by Siemens in 2013).^[7]

The signaling system was upgraded with the replacement of its communication link and the upgrading of the Westrace interlocking module. The project started on February 15, 2022,^[100] and was completed on March 29.^[101]

The rails are 54-kilogram-per-meter (36 lb/ft) rails designed to the UIC 54 rail profile. The rails are supported by concrete plinths.^[5][102]

A 3.02-kilometer (1.88 mi) extension of the line to the Manila North Harbor in Tondo, Manila has been proposed. It was first announced in August 2006, when the LRTA announced its intention to extend the line eastward to Antipolo and westward to the Pier 4 of the Manila North Harbor.^[45] It was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) on May 19, 2015. The construction of this extension would create three stations, one near the Tutuban PNR station, one in Divisoria, and one near the North Port Passenger Terminal in Manila North Harbor's Pier 4 which would serve as its terminus.^[103] In an interview, LRTA Administrator Ret. Gen. Reynaldo Berroya stated that they are aiming to finish the project by 2022 to 2023. The project is now expected to start construction in 2025.^[104]

The total project cost is estimated to be ₱10.12 billion.^[105] In 2019, WESTRAX Joint Venture was awarded the contract for the consultancy services for the project.^[12]

In October 2019, the project was under bidding process, consisting 3 stations, Tutuban, Divisoria, and Pier 4, with the project scheduled to be completed by 2024.^[12]

On August 27, 2020, the Light Rail Transit Authority published the bidding documents for the design-and-build contract for the west extension. According to the documents, the turn back area after the Pier 4 station will have three tracks; two of which are the main tracks and one serves as a pocket track. The three stations will feature side platforms.^[98]

The project was originally planned to be funded through a public-private partnership (PPP) scheme, in line with the Marcos administration's policy to use the said scheme to complete various infrastructure projects. The contract would have also covered the procurement of five new four-car trains, along with the maintenance of the line and the refurbishment of the trains.^[105] However, it was decided that the government will instead fund the project through the national budget.^[69]

The privatization of the operations and maintenance of Line 2 was planned by the then-Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC; later the Department of Transportation as part of the agency's improvement and modernization of the railway lines in the Philippines. The bidding process for this project begun on September 13, 2014.^[106] In this project, the interested companies were required to submit pre-qualification documents and submit a bid proposal if the company is qualified for the bidding. In January 2015, four companies submitted pre-qualification documents for the project. The bidders included Aboitiz Equity Ventures with SMRT Transport Solutions (Aboitiz Equity Ventures and SMRT International Pte Ltd. through SMRT Trains),^[107] DMCI Holdings with Tokyo Metro, Light Rail Manila 2 Consortium (RATP and Metro Pacific),^[108] and San Miguel Corporation with Korea Railroad Corporation. All bidders were pre-qualified for the bidding.^[109] However, the project would eventually be shelved in 2016.

In 2017, it was reported that the Metro Pacific Investments Corporation was interested in a possible auction for the privatization of the line.^[110] The plan to privatize the operations and maintenance of the line was restarted in October 2019, following a power trip that damaged two rectifiers.^[111] Since then, no new reports have surfaced about this plan as of 2021.

Due to the aging of the line, a capacity expansion project for the line was announced in April 2022. The project would include upgrades to the trains, signaling, telecommunications, power supply, overhead systems, railway tracks, and other system equipment. The project is still under the stages of the procurement of a consultant for the project, which would assess the current condition of the line.^[112]

TÜV Rheinland has been shortlisted for the list of consultants and is the only consultant to be shortlisted in June 2022.^[113]

Like the west extension, the upgrading of the train cars would be funded through a public-private partnership scheme. The contract would also cover the maintenance of the line and the construction of the west extension.^[105]

• On June 11, 2011, a man jumped in front of a moving train at the Araneta Center-Cubao station, leaving the man severely injured. This forced the line operations to be suspended.^[114][115]
• On May 9, 2017, at 4:03 PM, a tree fell to the tracks at the Anonas area, causing the line's operations to be disrupted and a 2000 class train nearby was hit. The Department of Public Works and Highways local office was doing roadworks at the site of the incident when they accidentally hit a tree that fell on the tracks. Partial operations between Recto and V. Mapa were implemented, until the line's operations were suspended an hour later. The incident area was cleared and full operations resumed at 7:41 PM.^[116]
• On May 30, 2018, a damaged cable between J. Ruiz and V. Mapa stations caused limited operations between Santolan and Araneta Center-Cubao stations at 11:46 AM. Normal operations resumed at 7:46 PM.^[117]
• On May 18, 2019, two trains collided between Anonas and Cubao stations, injuring 34 passengers, with none in critical condition.^[118][119] Revenue operations were suspended to give way to maintenance checks, and normal operations resumed at 10:47 AM the next day.^[120] Trainset no. 18 returned to service in June 2021,^[121] while Trainset no. 13 returned to service in September 2021.
• On October 2, 2019, at 9:43 am, a lightning struck the Gilmore station, causing the power transformers at the J. Ruiz and Araneta Center-Cubao stations to trip and disrupt the power supply. The operations of the line were suspended for safety checks and normal operations resumed at 10:11am.^[122]
• On October 3, 2019, another power trip caused rectifier substations located between Anonas and Katipunan stations and in the Santolan depot to catch fire at around 11 in the morning, cutting the line's power supply in the area. Line operations from Recto to Santolan were suspended at 11:24 am, and passengers were evacuated from the line with no injuries. The LRTA, MMDA and the Philippine Coast Guard immediately deployed shuttle buses to help ferry stranded passengers. Partial operations between Cubao and Recto stations resumed on October 8, 2019, while Santolan, Katipunan and Anonas Stations are expected to reopen after nine months. The initial estimated amount of damages is at around PHP428 million.^[123] Due to the incident, the Light Rail Transit Authority claimed full operations would be back in 2 to 3 months.^[124] As the initial deadline was not met the three stations that were caught in a power trip were expected to resume services at the end of June 2020.^[125] However, this deadline was also not met due to delays brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, rescheduled for the first quarter of 2021.^[126] Finally, the three stations were reopened, albeit in partial speed, on January 22, 2021.^[50] The reopening was made possible by a temporary power supply system installed in the damaged portion while the proper systems are still on order and awaiting delivery.
• On October 8, 2020, a fire broke out in the electrical room at Santolan causing the operations to be suspended at 5:10am. The fire damaged the station's uninterruptible power supply. Normal operations returned a few hours later.^[127][128]
• On September 17, 2021, a defective catenary wire at the east extension area caused disruptions in operations. A shuttle service between Santolan and Antipolo was implemented at 9:43 AM. On the same day, the line's operations were briefly suspended at 11:36 AM after a tangled t-shirt was seen hanging at the contact wires between Cubao and Anonas stations. Operations with the shuttle service resumed at 11:49 AM, while full end-to-end operations were known to be resumed the following day.^[129]
• On October 9, 2021, an entangled balloon was discovered between V. Mapa and Pureza stations, causing the line's operations to be temporarily suspended. The operations resumed after 30 minutes.^[130]
• On August 17, 2024, a street dweller was spotted in between the rail line’s Pureza and Legarda stations. The situation forced to limit the train line's service from Antipolo to V. Mapa. Normal operations resumed after a few hours.^[131]
• On August 19, 2024, a catenary cable caught fire between the Katipunan and Santolan stations. This led the line's operations to be limited from Recto to Cubao. It was only the following morning wherein full operations resumed.^[132]
• On September 11, 2024, a power supply problem halted operations between V. Mapa and Recto stations. Operations resumed five hours after the incident.^[133]
• On September 12, 2024, a damaged pantograph on a Class 2000 train at J. Ruiz station caused a brief halt on operations.^[134]

• Official LRTA website on LRT Line 2