This is a list of all Pacific typhoons that have had their names retired from the international list of tropical cyclone names used in the Western Pacific Ocean. Since tropical cyclones started to be named in the basin after World War II a total of 77 typhoon names have been retired. Those typhoons that have their names retired tend to be exceptionally destructive storms. Several names were removed or altered naming list for various reasons other than retirement. Collectively, the typhoons with retired names have caused over $108 billion in damage (2024 USD), as well as over 12,000 deaths.
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Background
editThe practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries, with systems named after places, saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in the Western Pacific.[1] These included the Kamikaze, 1906 Hong Kong typhoon, 1922 Shantou typhoon and the 1934 Muroto typhoon.[2]
The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Northern Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the East Coast of the United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[3] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced; however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[3][4] The first tropical cyclone names to be retired in the Western Pacific were Lucille and Ophelia during 1960. Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and political reasons.[5][6]
In 2000, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began naming tropical cyclones from a list of 140 names, submitted by 14 countries. Previously, the JMA labeled storms with numbers, but not names. The JMA has been the official warning agency of the western Pacific Ocean since 1981, though other organizations have also tracked typhoons. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially named tropical cyclones from 1947 to 1999.[7] During this time period, there were several pre-determined tropical cyclone lists, in which many names were removed and replaced with others.[8] The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) names tropical cyclones using a separate list, which is adjusted periodically.[9]
Between 1947 and 2000, eleven names of significant tropical cyclones were retired from the list of names used by the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[10] During this time other names were removed from the naming lists, including in 1979 when the lists of names used were revised to include both male and female names.[10][11] Tropical Storm Lucille was the first name to be retired for its impacts, while Ophelia was retired because of its long 8,045 km (5,000 mi) track.[10]
At the 33rd session of the typhoon committee held in November 2000, the committee was informed that the India Meteorological Department had objected to the name Hanuman being used as a name because of potential religious sentiments.[12] Thailand also requested that the spelling of several names be corrected and indicated a desire to change the names Prapiroon, Durian and Khanun.[12] The representatives of the United States of America also requested that the name Kodo be changed as it would have an undesirable meaning if mispronounced.[12] The session subsequently accepted the spelling changes as well as the requests from Thailand and the United States and established that both countries would submit a list of four names in priority order to its Secretariat within a week of the session ending.[12] The Typhoon Committee Secretariat would then circulate the list to all members for comment, with the highest priority name acceptable to all members used.[12] The secretariat subsequently reported to the following years session that the names Morakot and Aere had replaced Hanuman and Kodo.[13]
Names retired before 2000
edit| Name | Replacement name |
Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds (10-min) |
Pressure | Areas affected |
Damage (USD) | Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucille | Lucy | May 25 – June 4, 1960 | Tropical storm | Not Specified | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Philippines | $2 million | 300–500 | [14][15][16][17] |
| Ophelia | Ora | November 21 – December 6, 1960 |
Typhoon | Not Specified | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Caroline Islands | Unknown | 2 | [10][15] |
| Karen | Kim | November 7 – 17, 1962 | Typhoon | Not Specified | 894 hPa (26.40 inHg) | Guam | $250 million | 11 | [18] |
| Bess | Bonnie | October 8 – 14, 1974 | Typhoon | Not Specified | 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam | $9.2 million | 32 | [10][19][20] |
| Bess | Brenda | July 21 – August 3, 1982 | Violent typhoon | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Japan | $2.32 billion | 95 | [21] |
| Ike | Ian | August 26 – September 6, 1984 |
Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Guam, Philippines, China | $1 billion | 1,142 | |
| Roy | Ryan | January 7 – 19, 1988 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Micronesia, Philippines | $28.5 million | 2 | |
| Mike | Manny | November 5 – 18, 1990 | Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Micronesia, Philippines, China | $389 million | 748 | |
| Mireille | Melissa | September 13 – 27, 1991 | Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea | $10 billion | 66 | |
| Thelma | Teresa | November 1 – 8, 1991 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam | $27.7 million | 5,081–8,145 | [22][23][24][25] |
| Omar | Oscar | August 20 – September 6, 1992 |
Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Guam, Taiwan, China | $561 million | 15 |
Names retired in 2000s
edit| Name | Replacement name |
Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds (10-min) |
Pressure | Areas affected |
Damage (USD) | Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vamei | Peipah | December 26, 2001 – January 1, 2002 |
Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) | Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia | $3.6 million | 5 | [nb 1][26] |
| Chataan | Matmo | June 27 – July 13, 2002 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Chuuk, Guam, Japan | $660 million | 54 | [27][28][29] |
| Rusa | Nuri | August 22 – September 4, 2002 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Japan, Korean Peninsula | $4.2 billion | 238 | [30] |
| Pongsona | Noul | December 2 – 12, 2002 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Mariana Islands | $730 million | 1 | [31][32] |
| Yanyan | Dolphin | January 11 – 21, 2003 | Tropical storm | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Mariana Islands | None | None | |
| Imbudo | Molave | July 15 – 25, 2003 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Philippines, China | $340 million | 64 | [33][34][35] |
| Maemi | Mujigae | September 4 – 16, 2003 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Korean Peninsula | $4.8 billion | 117 | [30] |
| Sudal | Mirinae | April 2 – 18, 2004 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Yap, Guam | $14 million | None | [36] |
| Tingting | Lionrock | June 24 – July 4, 2004 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan | $23.7 million | 12 | |
| Rananim | Fanapi | August 6 – 15, 2004 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | China, Japan | $2.44 billion | 169 | [37][38] |
| Matsa | Pakhar | July 30 – August 9, 2005 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | China, Taiwan | $2.23 billion | 29 | [39][40] |
| Nabi | Doksuri | August 29 – September 9, 2005 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea | $535 million | 32 | |
| Longwang | Haikui | September 25 – October 3, 2005 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Taiwan, China | $971 million | 149 | [41][42][43] [44][45][46] |
| Chanchu | Sanba | May 8 – 19, 2006 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam | $879 million | 309 | [47][48] |
| Bilis | Maliksi | July 8 – 16, 2006 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China | $4.4 billion | 859 | [49][50][51] |
| Saomai | Son-Tinh | August 4 – 11, 2006 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Taiwan, China | $2.5 billion | 458 | [51][52] |
| Xangsane | Leepi | September 25 – October 2, 2006 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand | $750 million | 312 | [53][54][55][56] |
| Durian | Mangkhut | November 25 – December 7, 2006 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand | >$400 million | >1,500 | [57][58][59][60] |
| Morakot | Atsani | August 2 – 12, 2009 | Typhoon | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Taiwan, China, Korean Peninsula | $6.2 billion | 789 | |
| Ketsana | Champi | September 23 – 30, 2009 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Laos Cambodia, Thailand |
$1.09 billion | 710 | [61] |
| Parma | In-fa | September 27 – October 14, 2009 | Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam | $617 million | 500 | |
| 21 names | References:[nb 2][nb 3] | $33.8 billion | 5,849 | ||||||
Names retired in 2010s
edit| Name | Replacement name |
Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds (10-min) |
Pressure | Areas affected |
Damage (USD) | Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fanapi | Rai | September 14 – 21, 2010 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Taiwan, China | $1 billion | 105 | [63][64] |
| Washi | Hato | December 13 – 19, 2011 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Micronesia, Palau, Philippines | $97.8 million | 1,268 | [65][66] |
| Vicente | Lan | July 18 – 25, 2012 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar | $324 million | 32 | [67] |
| Bopha | Ampil | November 25 – December 9, 2012 | Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Micronesia, Philippines | $1.04 billion | 1,901 | [68] |
| Sonamu | Jongdari | January 1 – 10, 2013 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia | Minimal | 2 | [69][70] |
| Utor | Barijat | August 8 – 18, 2013 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Philippines, China | $3.56 billion | 97 | [71][72][73] |
| Fitow | Mun | September 29 – October 7, 2013 | Typhoon | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | China, Taiwan, Japan | $10.4 billion | 12 | [71] |
| Haiyan | Bailu | November 3 – 11, 2013 | Violent typhoon | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Vietnam, China | $4.55 billion | 6,352 | [71][74] |
| Rammasun | Bualoi | July 9 – 20, 2014 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam | $8.08 billion | 225 | [75][76][77] |
| Soudelor | Saudel | July 29 – August 11, 2015 | Violent typhoon | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan, Taiwan, China | $3.84 billion | 59 | [78] |
| Mujigae | Surigae | September 30 – October 5, 2015 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Philippines, China | $4.25 billion | 31 | [78] |
| Koppu | Koguma | October 12 – 21, 2015 | Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Philippines | $309 million | 62 | [78] |
| Melor | Cempaka | December 9 – 17, 2015 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Philippines | $149 million | 51 | [78] |
| Meranti | Nyatoh | September 9 – 16, 2016 | Violent typhoon | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China | $4.8 billion | 47 | |
| Sarika | Trases | October 13 – 19, 2016 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam | $876 million | 37 | |
| Haima | Mulan | October 14 – 22, 2016 | Violent typhoon | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China | $976 million | 19 | |
| Nock-ten | Hinnamnor | December 20 – 28, 2016 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Philippines | $128 million | 13 | |
| Hato | Yamaneko | August 19 – 24, 2017 | Typhoon | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam | $6.82 billion | 24 | [79] |
| Kai-tak | Yun-yeung | December 13 – 23, 2017 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) | Philippines, Malaysia | $75 million | 83 | [80] |
| Tembin | Koinu | December 20 – 26, 2017 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam | $42.4 million | 266 | [81] |
| Rumbia | Pulasan | August 15 – 18, 2018 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Japan, China | $5.36 billion | 53 | [82] |
| Mangkhut | Krathon | September 7 – 17, 2018 | Violent typhoon | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Vietnam, Japan | $3.74 billion | 134 | [83] |
| Yutu | Yinxing | October 21 – November 2, 2018 | Violent typhoon | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines, South China, Taiwan | $854 million | 30 | [84][85][86] |
| Lekima | Co-may | August 2 – 13, 2019 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, South Korea, China | $9.28 billion | 105 | |
| Faxai | Nongfa | September 2 – 9, 2019 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Japan, Wake Island | $10 billion | 3 | |
| Hagibis | Ragasa | October 4 – 13, 2019 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea, Russian Far East, Aleutian Islands, Alaska | $17.9 billion | 118 | |
| Kammuri | Koto | November 24 – December 6, 2019 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines | $116 million | 17 | |
| Phanfone | Nokaen | December 19 – 29, 2019 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines | $67.2 million | 50 | |
| 28 names | References:[nb 4][nb 2][nb 5] | $89.6 billion | 11,189 | ||||||
Names retired in 2020s
edit| Name | Replacement name |
Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds (10-min) |
Pressure | Areas affected |
Damage (USD) | Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vongfong | Penha | May 8 – 18, 2020 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Taiwan | $50 million | 5 | |
| Linfa | Peilou | October 6 – 12, 2020 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar | $217 million | 138 | |
| Molave | Narra | October 22 – 29, 2020 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Philippines, Indochina | $660 million | 71 | |
| Goni | Gaenari | October 26 – November 6, 2020 | Violent typhoon | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos | $1.02 billion | 32 | |
| Vamco | Bang-Lang | November 8 – 15, 2020 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand | $1.06 billion | 102 | |
| Conson | Luc-binh | September 5 – 13, 2021 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam | $92.2 million | 25 | |
| Kompasu | Tokei | October 7 – 14, 2021 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam, Thailand | $245 million | 44 | |
| Rai | Sarbul | December 11 – 21, 2021 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines, Vietnam, China, Taiwan | $1.05 billion | 410 | |
| Malakas | Amuyao | April 6 – 15, 2022 | Very strong typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Japan | None | 0 | |
| Megi | Gosari | April 8 – 12, 2022 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | Philippines | $200 million | 214 | |
| Ma-on | Tsing-ma | August 20 – 26, 2022 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Philippines, Southern China, Northern Vietnam | $46.2 million | 7 | |
| Hinnamnor | Ong-mang | August 27 – September 6, 2022 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, South Korea, Russian Far East | $1.21 billion | 12 | |
| Noru | Hodu | September 21 – 29, 2022 | Very strong typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Philippines, Indochina | $110 million | 40 | |
| Nalgae | Jamjari | October 26 – November 3, 2022 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Philippines, Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau | $237 million | 160 | |
| Doksuri | TBD | July 20 – 30, 2023 | Very strong typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam | $28.4 billion | 137 | |
| Saola | TBD | August 22 – September 3, 2023 | Violent typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Philippines, South China, Taiwan, Northern Vietnam | $673 million | 3 | |
| Haikui | TBD | August 27 – September 6, 2023 | Very strong typhoon | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Northern Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Philippines, China | $2.31 billion | 16 | |
| 17 names | References:[nb 2] | $38.1 billion | 1,413 | ||||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The name Vamei was retired because it was the first tropical cyclone recorded near the equator.[10]
- ^ a b c Reference for the retired names between 2000 and 2022.[62]
- ^ Reference for the retired names between 1947 and 2013.[5]
- ^ Reference for dates, season, wind speeds and pressure between 2000 and 2023 [87]
- ^ Reference for the retired names between 2000 and 2018.[88]
References
edit- ^ Smith, Ray (1990). "What's in a Name?". Weather and Climate. 10 (1). The Meteorological Society of New Zealand: 24–26. doi:10.2307/44279572. JSTOR 44279572. S2CID 201717866.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 1, 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
- ^ a b Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (PPTX). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. Slides 8–72.
- ^ "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Reuters. June 1, 1969. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
- ^ a b Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 20, 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee (May 31, 2024). Hurricane Operational Plan for North America, Central America and the Caribbean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclones in 2006". Hong Kong Observatory. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ^ Digital Typhoon (2006). "Typhoon List View". Retrieved 2008-03-04.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chris Landsea (2007). "How are Tropical Cyclones Named?". Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ a b c d e f Zhou, Xiao; Lei, Xiaotu (2012). "Summary of retired typhoons within the Western North Pacific Ocean". Tropical Cyclone Research and Review. 1 (1). The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific/World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee: 23–32. doi:10.6057/2012TCRR01.03. ISSN 2225-6032. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
- ^ Naval Oceanography Command Center; Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Chapter III: Summary of Tropical Cyclones" (PDF). Annual Typhoon Report: 1979 (Report). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Report of the Typhoon Committee on its Thirty-Third Session (PDF) (Report). The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. 2001. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ Report of the Typhoon Committee on its Thirty-Fourth Session (PDF) (Report). The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. 2002. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ "1960 Typhoon Lucille (1960146N08131)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ^ a b Annual Typhoon Report: 1960 (PDF) (Report). United States Fleet Weather Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 36–40, 158–167, 176–184. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ United Press International (May 30, 1960). "Killer Typhoon Rips Philippines". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Manila, Philippines. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "150 Dead In Flood". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. Manila, Philippines. Associated Press. May 30, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Karen" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1963. pp. 202–216. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
- ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Bess" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1975. pp. 39–40. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident: Lockheed WC-130H Hercules 65-0965 South China Sea". Aviation Safety Network. 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ "台風198210号 (Bess) – 災害情報". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
- ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Thelma (27W)" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1992. pp. 132–135. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- ^ "Philippines Floods Nov 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1–8". United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. November 29, 1991. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- ^ Monte L. Peterson (July 1992). "Reconnaissance Report: Flooding Resulting From Typhoon Uring In Ormoc City, Leyte Province, The Philippines" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. pp. 1–49. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- ^ Cris Evert Lato (November 12, 2010). "Ormoc rises from flash flood tragedy". Ormoc, Philippines: The Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Recent Floods Claimed Five Lives and Caused Substantial Damage" (PDF). Bernama. January 8, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
- ^ NWS Focus (2002). "Typhoon Chata'an Wreaks Havoc in the Western Pacific: Chuuk Office Loses Instruments, New Guam Office Weathers the Storm". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
- ^ Motoyuki Ushiyama (2003). "Heavy Rainfall Disaster in Eastern Japan Caused by Typhoon 0206 from July 9 to 12, 2002" (PDF). Japan Disaster Control Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
- ^ Mark-Alexander Pieper (2002-07-19). "Typhoon Chataan Guam public damage hits $59.9 million". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 2008-03-05.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Qian Ye (2004). "Typhoon Rusa and Super Typhoon Maemi in Korea" (PDF). The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ John J. Kelly Jr. (2003). "Super Typhoon Pongsona Service Assessment" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (2003). "Event Report for Typhoon Pongsona". Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
- ^ Hong Kong Observatory (2003). "Typhoon Imbudo (0307) : 17–25 July 2003". Retrieved 2008-03-07.
- ^ Gary Padgett (2003). "Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Summary for August 2003". Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2003). "Philippines Food Shortage due to Typhoon Imbudo". Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Event Report for Typhoon Sudal". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2004). "China: Floods and Landslides Information Bulletin No. 6/2004". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2008-03-07.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Gary Padgett (2004). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: July 2004". Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ Gary Padgett (2005). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: August 2005". Retrieved 2007-03-05.
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External links
edit- China Meteorological Agency
- Digital Typhoon
- Hong Kong Observatory
- Japan Meteorological Agency
- Joint Typhoon Warning Center
- Korea Meteorological Administration
- Malaysian Meteorological Department
- National Weather Service Guam
- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
- Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
- TCWC Jakarta
- Thai Meteorological Department
- Typhoon2000
- Vietnam's National Hydro-Meteorological Service