Prunus ilicifolia

It is an evergreen shrub^[4] or small tree approaching 15 metres (49 feet) in height,^[12] with dense, hard leaves^[4] (sclerophyllous foliage). The leaves are 1.6–12 centimetres (3⁄4–4+3⁄4 inches) long with a 4–25 millimetres (1⁄8–1 in) petiole^[12] and spiny margins, somewhat resembling those of the holly. The leaves are dark green when mature and generally shiny on top, and have a smell resembling almonds when crushed; these are poisonous to eat, but not to handle.^[13] The flowers are small (1–5 mm), white, produced on racemes in the spring. The fruit is a cherry 12–25 mm in diameter, sweet in taste, with little flesh surrounding the smooth seed.^[12][14][15]

There are two subspecies:^[16][17][18]

• P. ilcifolia subsp. ilicifolia - mainland California and Baja California, red fruit 12–18 mm diameter, leaves dentate
• P. ilicifolia subsp. lyonii (Eastw.) Raven - Catalina cherry, Channel Islands of California (San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Island islands), blue-black fruit 15–25 mm diameter, leaves entire

Prunus ilicifolia is native to California chaparral and foothill woodlands along the Coast Ranges below 1,600 m (5,200 ft).^[12] Its distribution extends from northern Baja California along the California coast to the northernmost extent of the Coast Ranges,^[12] as well as into the desert chaparral areas of the Mojave Desert. In chaparral communities, it tends to inhabit north-facing slopes, erosion channels, or other moist, cool sites.^[5] This is the only species of the genus Prunus native to California's Santa Monica Mountains, which divide the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley.^[4]

It is a persistent member of chaparral communities, being slow-growing but long-lived; common chaparral flora associates are toyon, western poison-oak and coffeeberry.^[19] In the absence of fire, P. ilicifolia will outlive or outshade surrounding vegetation, making room for seedlings. Eventually, it will form extensive stands codominated by scrub oak.^[5]

Although it will resprout from the stump after fires, the seeds are not fire-adapted like those of many other chaparral plants.^[20] Instead, it relies on the natural death of surrounding vegetation during long periods of fire-free conditions to make room for its seedlings.^[5]

Though the seeds are often reported to require sunlight to germinate,^[20] germination rates of nearly 100% have been achieved with wild-collected seed buried completely in pots with a peatlite mix.^[21]

The caterpillars of the pale swallowtail (Papilio eurymedon) feed on this and other members of the riparian woodland plant community.^[18] It is also a larval host to the California hairstreak, Lorquin's admiral, Nevada buckmoth, and western tiger swallowtail.^[22] Bees are attracted to it.^[4]

Prunus ilicifolia is used in California native plants and wildlife gardens, and drought-tolerant sustainable landscaping.^[23]

The pulp of the cherry is edible.^[4] However, the seeds of the hollyleaf cherry are considered to be toxic, and the plant must undergo certain leaching processes to make it safe for consumption.^[24] Native Americans fermented the fruit into an intoxicating drink.^[4] Some also cracked the dried cherries and made meal from the seeds after grinding and leaching them.^[25] It has also been made into jam.^[26]

The method of preparation for the cherry was to first extract and crush the kernel in a mortar, and the resulting powder would then be leached in order to eliminate remaining bad chemicals. The final step was to boil the leached powder into an atole.^[24] Once this process was completed, Native Californians would then make soup base, tortillas, or tamale-like foods using the resulting ground meal. Other times, the kernel would be kept whole, leached to remove its hydrocyanic acid content, roasted for a couple hours, and then used to make cakes or balls.^[27]

Aside from food, the hollyleaf cherry was also used for medicinal purposes by some Native Californian tribes, including the Diegueño and the Cahuilla. Specifically, infusions made from the bark and roots of hollyleaf cherry plants would be used as treatment for common colds and coughs.^[27]

• "Prunus lyonii". Plants for a Future.
• "Prunus ilicifolia". Plants for a Future.
• Fourdir.com: High Desert Trees^[usurped]
• Desert-Tropicals: Hollyleaf Cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) access date March 26, 2010