Rail transport in Indonesia

The first railway line in Indonesia opened in 1867 and was initially laid to standard gauge size. The railways were gradually expanded by both the state and private companies.

The Japanese occupation and the Indonesian War of Independence left Indonesia's railways in a poor condition. A batch of 100 steam locomotives were ordered in 1950, and dieselisation started in 1953. By the 1980s most mainline services had been dieselised. Electric multiple units were obtained from Japan beginning in the 1970s, replacing 60-year-old electric locomotives.

Since the independence era, all mainline railways in Indonesia have been managed by the state. The owners of the private railway were compensated first, but the system was fully nationalised in 1971.

Construction of new railway lines has been scarce, and most new construction is concentrated on double- and quad-tracking of existing railway lines. Most of the former tramway lines have been closed, reducing the mileage from about 7000 km to only 3000 km.

The sole regulator of Indonesian rail transport system is the Directorate General of Railways of the Ministry of Transportation. Established on 5 August 2005 during the administration of the President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and the Minister of Transportation Hatta Rajasa, the directorate general was designed to regulate rail transport policies in Indonesia.^[12] The first Director-General was Soemino Eko Saputro, who had served as CEO of Perumka, the predecessor of Kereta Api Indonesia. When he was served as the Director-General, Saputro was involved in a corruption case concerning procurement of EMUs from Japan, which caused the state to lose IDR 20 billion.^[13]

There are a number of passenger and freight rail companies in Indonesia:

• PT Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) — operates local, regional, intercity trains, Palembang and Jabodebek LRT systems
  • PT Railink (KAI Bandara) — operates airport rail link services, joint venture with Angkasa Pura II
  • PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia (KAI Commuter) — operates commuter rail services
  • PT Kereta Api Logistik (KAI Logistik) — operates courier-by-rail services
• PT MRT Jakarta — operates Jakarta MRT, province-owned company of Special Capital Region of Jakarta
• PT LRT Jakarta — operates Jakarta LRT, a subsidiary of Jakpro, a province-owned company of Special Capital Region of Jakarta
• PT Angkasa Pura II — operates Soekarno-Hatta Airport Skytrain
• PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia–China — operates Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail, joint venture of PT Pilar Sinergi BUMN Indonesia and Beijing Yawan HSR Co. Ltd.

Some agricultural companies also operates industrial railways:

• Perum Perhutani — operates Cepu Forest Railway
• Perkebunan Nusantara (state-owned)
  • PT Perkebunan Nusantara II — operates palm oil trains
  • PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV — operates palm oil trains
  • PT Perkebunan Nusantara IX — operates sugarcane lines and tourist train
• PT Bakrie Sumatra Plantations (part of Bakrie Group) — operates rubber and palm oil freight trains
• PT Tanjung Enim Lestari — operates pulp freight trains

The first railways in Indonesia were built on the island of Java, using 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge. During the Japanese occupation, they were converted to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge. At its greatest extent, the Javanese-Madurese network had a length of 4,807 kilometres (2,987 mi), connecting most parts of the island.^[14] The Javanese network train (in Java Island) is divided into nine operating area divisions.

As of 2013, there are 1,869 kilometres of track in Sumatra, of which 1,348 km are operational.^[15] Several unconnected railway networks were built in the time of the Dutch East Indies:

• Banda Aceh–Lhokseumawe–Besitang–Medan–Tebingtinggi–Pematang Siantar–Rantau Prapat in northern Sumatra (the Banda Aceh–Besitang section, which was using track gauge 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in), was closed in 1971, but is being rebuilt, as of 2011^[16]).
• Padang–Solok–Bukittinggi in West Sumatra.
• Bandar Lampung–Palembang–Lahat–Lubuk Linggau in southern Sumatra.

Plans to connect up and fix these isolated lines are included in the Trans-Sumatra Railway plan. Railway services in Sumatra by operational is divided into four regional divisions, which are:

Alongside the formal railways, there's also the so called Motor Lori Ekspress or "Molek" railway in Lebong Tandai, Bengkulu. The service, which consisted of motored draisines operated by locals, connected the isolated village of Lebong Tandai with the village of Air Tenang, both in Napal Putih Subdistrict, North Bengkulu Regency. The 35 kilometres (22 mi) route through Sumatran jungle is a former 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gold mining railway line built by the Dutch colonial in the 1900s.^[17][18]

The first railway network in Kalimantan island was opened in 1908, serving the oil refinery and port of Balikpapan. It was closed in 1950.^[19] In 2010, plans were announced for Kalimantan to get a 122 km long 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge railway for the transport of coal between the Muara Wahau [id] mine and the port of Bengalon.^[20] In January 2016, Russian Railways reported that the construction of a railway in Kalimantan will finish in 2019;^[21] however, in 2022 they withdraw from the initial investment plan so the railway construction was canceled.^[22]

In 2019, it was reported that governor of Bali Wayan Koster is planned to build railways on Bali with 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. The railway "is keen to improve Bali's transportation infrastructure and is considering plans to build an electric rail network across the island".^[23] According to the Minister of Transportation Budi Karya Sumadi in early February 2024, an LRT system is planned to be built in Bali, with the route spanning from the Ngurah Rai International Airport to Mengwi. The Phase 1 of the project, which was expected to be started in September 2024, would connect the Ngurah Rai Airport with Kuta. The construction for the Phase 1 would be supported by feasibility studies and loan from South Korea.^[24]

The first railway network in Sulawesi was opened in 1922 connecting Makassar and Takalar, but was closed in 1930 due to poor revenue.^[25][26] The newer Trans-Sulawesi Railway is under construction as of 2022. It will be built with 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge, which is wider than the cape gauge used in Java and most of Sumatra to accommodate more weight and speed.^[27][28] The ground breaking of Makassar–Parepare route was conducted on 18 August 2014 in, Siawung Village, Barru District, Barru Regency. On early November 2022, 66 kilometres of railway from Barru to Pangkep was inaugurated and operational. As of 2022, it is the only operational part of the railway.^[29][30]

A 440 km railway from Manokwari to Sorong in West Papua province is planned.^[31] In Papua there is also a subway line assigned to transport mining products which is located in the Grasberg mine, Mimika Regency, near Puncak Jaya, and operated by PT. Freeport Indonesia and has been operating since 2019.^[32] Besides that, a train line is also operated specifically for students at the Nemangkawi Mining Institute.^[33]

Indonesia had various types of locomotives, being the legacy of the many different companies. Surprisingly, only five steam locomotives remain in operable condition, with two located in the Ambarawa Railway Museum, two in Surakarta running the Jaladara excursion train, and one in the Sawahlunto Railway Museum. On the other hand, static steam locomotive displays are located in the Transportation Museum (under the auspices of the Department of Transportation) in Jakarta's Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park) and Ambarawa Railway Museum (managed by PT Kereta Api) in Central Java. Plinthed locomotives can also be found in most cities and towns. Somewhat surprisingly, few non-locomotive rolling stock were preserved.

With the Asian economic crisis of 1997, remaining hulks of steam locomotives formerly standing in former depots became valuable for their scrap value, and by 2000, most locomotives not already plinthed or sent to museums were scrapped, presumably illegally.

Four operable industrial steam locomotives are present, with two more preserved, at the Cepu Forest Railway. This currently represents the largest concentration of active preserved steam locomotives in Indonesia.

Several "last" steam locomotives were built for Indonesia. E10 60, a 1966-built rack steam locomotive (Esslingen 5316) is operable in Sawahlunto Railway Museum. BB84, the last Mallet locomotive built for a non-tourist railway (according to Durrant) was built by Nippon Sharyo Keizo Kaisha in 1962 (works number 2007). This locomotive was plinthed in Banda Aceh and survived the December 2004 tsunami. The locomotive is in rather poor condition with its valve gear and cylinder pistons missing (as of March 2006).

SS 1600-class steam locomotive No. 1622 "Sri Gunung" (Mountain Queen), a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mallet built in 1928, preserved in the Dutch Railway Museum.

The Trangkil No. 4 (Hunslet Engine Company 3902) was built in 1971, being the last steam locomotive built at Hunslet's Jack Lane Works in Leeds, England. The locomotive was used on the Trangkil sugar mill estate on Java. It has been repatriated to the UK in 2004.^[34]

Sragi No.1 (Krauss) was built in 1899, restored to working order in 2008. This locomotive is a former sugar cane carrier in Pekalongan, Central Java. Then there are two other locomotives namely Pakis Baru No. 1 (Orenstein & Koppel built 1900) and Pakis Baru No. 5 (Orenstein & Koppel built 1905), both of which were former locomotives belonging to the Pakis Baru sugar factory in Pati, Central Java. All locomotives now preserved at Statfold Barn Railway, England.

As of 2016, PT Kereta Api operates about 350 units of diesel locomotives divided into classes in Java and Sumatra^[35] used both for passenger and freight services. The first diesel locomotive owned by PT Kereta Api was CC200 class, built by General Electric in 1953.^[36]

As of August 2017, PT Kereta Api's commuter subsidiary, Kereta Commuter Indonesia, operates 758 units of electric multiple units (EMU) in Greater Jakarta area.^[37] Most EMUs operated in Jakarta are secondhand trains acquired from major urban railway operators in Greater Tokyo in Japan, such as East Japan Railway Company, Tokyu Corporation and Tokyo Metro.^{[citation needed]}

KAI provides extensive passenger services. Various classes are available, from luxury class with reclining seats and plane - like facilities, executive class with air conditioner and reclining seat comparable to the better classes of other countries' railways, business coaches which recently have been equipped with air conditioner and reclining seats much like executive class, to the hard bench, but still air conditioned, economy class coaches for cheaper trains. In last couple of years, the business and economic class are in the process of being equipped with air conditioned system. The whole process was completed in early 2013.

Sleeper trains have existed in Indonesia. The last all-sleeper train service was Bima express train which ran from 1967 to 1984 when it was changed to mostly coach, leaving only one or two sleeping cars. It ran in this configuration until 1995, when the sleeper cars were withdrawn and modified into seating coach. Since 2018, sleeper trains have been re-activated for the Argo Bromo Anggrek (Jakarta to Surabaya), Taksaka (Jakarta to Yogyakarta), Argo Lawu and Argo Dwipangga (Jakarta to Solo), and Gajayana (Jakarta to Malang).^[38]

In Java, most trains connect Jakarta and the hinterland - regional (or "cross-country" services) have not been fully developed. Between pairs of important cities such as Jakarta and Bandung, intensive hourly services are provided.

Most passenger trains in Indonesia, except commuter locals, are named. The names varies from plainly descriptive such as Depok Ekspres (a former fast service between Jakarta and Depok), through Logawa (name of a river near Purwokerto, which is served by the train), Argo Lawu (Mt. Lawu, an extinct volcano near Solo, which is served by the said express train), to more or less meaningless, though romantic, names such as Bangunkarta (abbreviation of names of cities it serves: Jombang-Madiun-Jakarta) and Matarmaja (Malang-Blitar-Madiun-Jakarta).

Railway passenger services experienced a renaissance in the 1995-1999 period, with the introduction of many new passenger express services. With the advent of cheap airplane tickets, KAI experienced a downturn in the number of passengers carried, though the number has stabilized and most trains remain at more than 50% occupancy rate.

Note: 1. KA Argo Gede and also KA Parahyangan no longer exist. As a replacement, KA Argo Parahyangan trains operate the same routing as a merge of KA Argo Gede and KA Parahyangan. 2. KA Argo Jati is merged into KA Argo Cheribon (a merge of KA Argo Jati, Cirebon Express, and Tegal Bahari (Route still the same but extended to Tegal))

As a response to many reports of sexual harassment in public places, including commuter trains and bus, KAI launched women-only carriages in some KRL Jabodetabek commuter trains in Jakarta metropolitan area in August 2010.^[39] On 13 May 2013, KAI changed women-only trains to regular trains which at the front and back of the train has a coach for women only. This rule apply in KRL Jabodetabek.^[40]

KAI designates priority seats to elderly passengers, pregnant women, disabled passengers and mother with infant to ride public transport with an equal degree of access and comfort as other people. Priority seat not only in the first and end of the train like in women only carriages, but eight seats in each carriage are designated as priority seats. This apply in KRL Commuterline.

KAI relaunched the Sleeper Train service on 11 June 2018.^[41][42] This sleeper train is equipped with excellent facilities even in the same class as a first class aircraft cabin. The first route for sleeper train is from Gambir Jakarta to Surabaya.^[43] The Luxury Sleeper Train is managed by another KAI subsidiary, KAI Wisata.

The railway system in Java is more or less a passenger-oriented system, and there are few freight services, due to the limited capacity of the tracks. Some notable freight services in Java include the Kalimas container train and the Parcel train between Jakarta and Surabaya, petroleum trains between refineries or oil pipe terminals and oil depots, and quartz sand trains in Central Java. Besides being operated for Krakatau Steel, the train will later be used to supply steel from Cilegon to other areas.^[44]

But in recent years, there have been many efforts to increase freight traffic in Java by introducing the GE CC206 locomotives, as well as building double-track lines that connect Jakarta and Surabaya on the North Coast line to increase the number of container trains between both cities. Many container ports have also been built in intermediate cities and towns. This effort has already attracted some customers who normally shipped their products via road.

The system in South Sumatra is rather freight-oriented. Coal unit trains, carrying coal for an electricity plant is given priority over passenger trains, and Pulp unit trains to transport pulp for paper mills. In West Sumatra, the remaining railway line serves the cement plant at Indarung, near Padang, and in North Sumatra, several oil palm and rubber plantations are served by freight trains.

In Papua, Freeport Indonesia uses underground trains to carry ore from mine to mill.^[45]

Trams formerly existed in Jakarta, Surabaya, Malang, and Semarang before their service was closed after independence. In Jakarta the tram lines are operated using track gauge 1,188 mm (3 ft 10+25⁄32 in) operated by Bataviasche Verkeers Maatschappij and Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta, while in other areas track gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) were used.

In Greater Jakarta, KRL Commuterline and Jabodebek LRT is operational urban rail network, serving commuter routes which comprises cities of DKI Jakarta, Depok, Bogor, Bekasi, Tangerang, and South Tangerang as well as regencies of Bogor, Bekasi, and Lebak. The other operational urban rail networks are Jakarta provincially-owned Jakarta MRT, Jakarta LRT, and Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link to support the public transport network in the area.

Regional rail functions as commuter rail in Greater Surabaya, so technically there is no urban rail network. However, there are plans for a mass rapid transit network in and around Surabaya.^[51] A 32 km diesel line from Mojokerto to Sidoarjo has been put into service, with 6 daily return trips.^{[citation needed]}

Greater Medan is served by Kualanamu Airport Rail Link. Sri Lelawangsa commuter train connects Medan and nearby Binjai.

In Palembang, Palembang Light Rail Transit had operate in June 2018, before the 2018 Asian Games.^[52]

In greater Yogyakarta and Surakarta, KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line operates between Yogyakarta, Klaten and Surakarta. Prambanan Express connects Yogyakarta with Purworejo. Yogyakarta International and Adisumarmo Airport Rail Links exists in Yogyakarta and Surakarta, respectively.

In Padang, Minangkabau Express is in operation.

Industri Kereta Api in collaboration with the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) will conduct a battery-powered autonomous tram trial in Surakarta Lines, Central Java. This autonomous tram is designed to operate automatically in a mixed traffic environment. Various sensors such as cameras, radars, are installed to detect objects around. The tram is driven by an electric motor supported by a 200 kWh battery, which can travel up to 90 km on a single charge.^[53]

In Indonesia, there are several train lines that were built for tourist destinations, such as the Gamplong tram line in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta using 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track gauge,^[54] the Ancol mini train line in Jakarta using 620 mm (2 ft 13⁄32 in) track gauge, and the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) tourist mini train line in Jakarta using 600 mm track gauge. In addition to operating mini trains, TMII also operates SHS-23 Aeromovel Indonesia or Titihan Samirono, a light rail which was initially a wind-powered aeromovel.^[55]

In Indonesia, there are several monorails that are operated only for tourism purposes, namely the monorail system in Taman Remaja, Surabaya and in Wonderia Park, Semarang. Both monorails are powered by electricity. However, the manufacturer of the two monorails is not yet known.^[56][57]

The use of trains as transport from plantations dates back to the 1800s. In the past, to transport sugar cane from plantations to sugar factories, sugar mill companies used narrow gauge trains to transport their sugar cane products. Around the 1970s, the transportation of sugarcane from plantations to factories began using trucks. Since the early 90s, transportation of sugarcane from plantations in Indonesia has been almost entirely using trucks due to lower operational costs, time efficiency, and the reduction in sugarcane land around the sugar factory area.

In addition, due to the increasingly rapid development of transportation, road infrastructure is getting better, and lorries are getting old and slow, over time the use of lorry trains is no longer used, although until now there are still some sugar factories that still operate trains to sugarcane plantations.^[58] In addition, some of the train lines are used for tourism, some use steam locomotives and also diesel locomotives. Most of the sugarcane rail lines are operated by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX^[59]

The use of track gauges in sugar factories in Indonesia varies from place to place, for example:

• Track gauge 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in), used in PG Djatiwangi Majalengka, PG Djatibarang Brebes, PG Pangka Tegal, PG Cepiring Kendal, PG Soedhono Ngawi, PG Tulangan Sidoarjo, PG Gendhing Probolinggo, and PG Pandji Situbondo.
• Track gauge 670 mm, only used in PG Kadhipaten Majalengka.
• Track gauge 700 mm (2 ft 3+9⁄16 in), used in PG Gempol Cirebon, PG Tersana Baru Cirebon, PG Ketanggungan Barat Brebes, PG Soemberhardjo Pemalang, PG Rendeng Kudus, PG Kalibagor Banyumas, PG Gondang Winangoen Klaten, PG Kartasoera Surakarta, PG Rejosarie Magetan, PG Poerwodadie Magetan, PG Arasoe Bone Sulawesi, PG Sragie Pekalongan, and others (almost all sugar factories in Java use this track gauge).
• Track gauge 720 mm, only used in PG Sindanglaut Cirebon.
• Track gauge 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in), used in PG Bandjaratma Brebes, PG Pakis Baru Pati, PG Trangkil Pati, PG Ceper Baru Klaten, PG Tjolomadoe Solo, and PG Tasikmadu Karanganyar.

In Indonesia there are several palm oil companies that operate trains to transport palm fruit, either from oil palm plantations to mills or just as a means of passing. The oil palm carriage is commonly referred to as "Lori Muntik". The palm oil mills are spread across Sumatra and Kalimantan. The track gauge used is 700 mm (2 ft 3+9⁄16 in). Several large palm oil companies that use this train, including PT. Socfindo, PT. BSP, PTPN II, PTPN IV in Sumatra, Sawit Seberang Factory Railway, and several other palm oil mills.^[60]

In North Sumatra there is a rubber factory that still operates trains to transport rubber latex to the factory, one of which is PT Bakrie Sumatra Plantations in Kisaran. The train was pulled by a small diesel locomotive made by Hokuriku, Schöma, and several other small locomotives.^[61] The track gauge used is 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). There's also 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) track connecting the facility with the mainline railway.^[62]

PT Freeport Indonesia, which is a mining company, operates underground mining trains to facilitate the transportation of copper, gold and silver ore materials to the processing plant location at Mile 74, Tembagapura, Mimika, Papua. The locomotive used is the MMT-M-270-BDE diesel locomotive made by Schalker Eisenhütte Maschinenfabrik, Germany.^[63]

Cikotok, Banten formerly known as one of the gold mining areas in Indonesia operated by PT. Antam. In order to smooth the flow of raw gold distribution, a railway line was operated. The train used is a small train with a track gauge of about 700mm. However, because the gold stock here ran out, in 2016 the mine was closed and only ruins were left, as well as the Cirotan mine monument which contained an artificial diesel locomotive Deutz-Fahr on display at that place. Apart from Cikotok, PT Antam also operates mining rail lines in other areas, one of which is in Bogor, West Java^{[64][full citation needed]}

In Sebelimbingan, Pulau Laut, South Borneo there is a relic Dutch coal mine. At that time, a railway line was built from the mine site which was used to transport coal to the port and later brought it to the Netherlands. Now the mines and railroad tracks are just ruins. In addition, in several other areas in South Kalimantan mining railway lines have also been built, such as in Amuntai, Martapura, several other places.^[65]

Until around the 1950s, the oil refinery that is now owned by Pertamina in Balikpapan still operated mini trains with small track gauges to transport oil from the refinery to the port. Currently there is no relic left.^[66]

In recent decades, Java's transportation backbones — north coast road and railway system that serves Jakarta-Surabaya corridor, has suffered greatly from both freight and passenger congestion.^[67] The plan to build a high-speed railway system in Java has been around for many years. However, it was not until 2008 that the idea had been contemplated seriously. It was Japan International Cooperation Agency's proposal that initiated the idea to build high-speed rail for the Indonesian island of Java, linking up the densely populated corridor from the capital Jakarta to Surabaya city (covering 730 km) in East Java.^[68][69] Japan is eager to export their Shinkansen high-speed rail technology abroad. Following up JICA's initial study in 2012, the detailed feasibility study was concluded in 2014. In recent years, Indonesia has been undergoing a revival in railway expansion and upgrades. The high-speed rail corridors have been proposed but not implemented yet, since it was deemed too costly.

In April 2015, China had entered the race with a counter-offer to build the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail in Indonesia.^[70] A bid which alarmed Japan that has been nurtured the idea for years.

In July 2015, the Indonesian government announced their plan to build the high-speed rail system connecting Jakarta and Bandung, and devised a competition between Japan and China train-makers as potential bidders. Japan and China have expressed their interest in the project; both countries had done comprehensive studies of the project.^[71]

In late September 2015, Indonesia awarded this multibillion-dollar railway project to China over Japan.^[72][73]

The proposed high-speed rail will connect the nation's capital Jakarta with Bandung city in neighboring West Java province, covering a distance of 150 kilometers, and is also expected to expand further, connecting to Indonesia's second largest city, Surabaya in East Java.^[71]

The project has been delayed several times, first due to careless construction that affected nearby roads, then due to coronavirus pandemic restrictions.^{[citation needed]}

In December 2015 discussion for the Jakarta-Surabaya high-speed rail was commenced by the Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Maritime and Resources. Academicians from two major universities in Indonesia, and employees from Japan International Cooperation Agency, were invited to attend the discussion.^[74][75]

In May 2020, coordinating Economics Minister Airlangga Hartarto announced that the government had decided to extend the China-backed Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project to Surabaya. The line would run along a southern route to connect the Jakarta-Bandung project with Surabaya via Kertajati, where the government recently built a new airport, as well as via Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, Japan is working on the Java North Line Upgrading Project, which would connect Jakarta and Surabaya with a route along the northern coast of Java via Cirebon in West Java and Semarang in Central Java. A proposed travel speed of 150 km per hour for the 720-km railway connection would allow for the use of existing tracks, hence resulting in the lower development cost of about $5 billion.^[76]

The Jakarta-Bandung HSR began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 2 October 2023.^[77] Indonesia and Chinese authorities discussed further plans to extend the railway across the Java island, from Jakarta to Surabaya^[78][79] with estimates 3.5 hours from Jakarta to Surabaya.^[80]

Before creating their own laws and regulations, Indonesian rail transport laws and regulations were inherited from Dutch East Indies laws, including:^[81]

• Algemeene Regelen betreffende den Aanleg en de Exploitatie van Spoor en Tramwegen, bestemd voor Algemeen Verkeer in Nederlandsch-Indië (Dutch East Indies Construction and Operation of Railways and Tramways for General Traffic Act)
• Algemeene Bepalingen betreffendede Spoor en Tramwegen (Railways and Tramways Act)
• Bepalingen betreffende den Aanleg en het Bedrijf der Spoorwegen (Regulation on Construction and Operation of Railways)
• Bepalingen voor de stadstramwegen (Regulation on Urban Tramways)
• Bepalingen Landelijke Tramwegen (Regulation on Rural Tramways)
• Bepalingen betreffende het Vervoer over Spoorwegen (Regulation on Transport by Rail)
• Industriebaan Ordonnantie (Industrial Railways Ordinance)

In 1992, President Suharto passed the 1992 Indonesian Railways Act No. 13, replacing all the regulations above. On the end of March 2007, the People's Representative Council had passed the current law replacing 1992 act, the 2007 Indonesian Railways Act. In the current law, private and regional investors have a chance to manage rail transport, so the domination and monopoly of the KAI were abolished.^[82]

This is an incomplete chronological list of railway accidents and incidents in Indonesia.

Railway accidents may be classified by their effects (e.g.: head-on collisions, rear-end collisions, side collisions, derailments, fires, explosions, etc.), or by cause (e.g.: driver and signalman error; mechanical failure of rolling stock, tracks and bridges; vandalism, sabotage and terrorism; level crossing misuse and trespassing; natural causes such as flooding and fog; hazards of dangerous goods carried; effectiveness of brakes; and adequacy of operating rules).

The following is a list of train accidents in Indonesia.^[83] Note that if you add a new accident, you must mention the reference. Otherwise, the section will be deleted.

• 25 December 1944 - A passenger train derailed into the valley around Lembah Anai, Padang Panjang, West Sumatra. A total of 200 people were killed and 250 were seriously injured. This train accident in Lembah Anai is the worst train accident in Indonesia and number seven in the world, in history.^[84]
• 23 March 1945 - Another train crashed at the Lembah Anai bridge, West Sumatra, possibly due to loss of brakes. Casualties were estimated to be in the hundreds.^[85]

• 12 May 1955 - At around 13:00, Tjepat 35 train with Yogyakarta-Bandung relation crashed at Manonjaya section, Ciamis. This incident caused 1 locomotive to overturn and 3 trains to fall crosswise. This incident caused 39 people killed and 60 others seriously injured.
• 28 May 1959 - At 07:30 am, the Tjepat 31 train with relation Banjar-Bandung train crashed and rolled over at km 242+5/6 of the Trowek (now Cirahayu)-Cipeundeuy section. There are 2 versions that mention the cause of this accident, 1. Because of the train's push after the train departed, 2. Someone suddenly disconnected the train. The train rolled until it toppled over. This incident resulted in 185 deaths and 200 injuries.^[86]

• 24 September 1962 - A train suffered a brake failure and plummeted to the bottom of a ravine in the section between Trowek (now Cirahayu)-Cipeundeuy, not many references explain this accident, but recorded in a magazine, this accident also made the government issue a law on accident insurance funds.^[87] This incident resulted in 130 people killed.^[88]
• 11 April 1968 -At around 10:15 pm, the boiler of steam locomotive CC5002 exploded while stopping at Sukatani railway station, which at that time was still called Bendul. As a result, the main building of the station was badly damaged and claimed the lives of the machinist, train attendant, and a prospective assistant machinist as well as 3 other people who were at the scene. Meanwhile, the head of the station as well as PPKA also became victims. After the incident, the station had to be renovated and PNKA decided to rename the station to Sukatani.^[89]

20 September 1968 - At around 7:30 am there was a collision between Train 406 and Train 309 in the area of Ratu Jaya, Cipayung, Depok. This incident resulted in 116 people killed and 84 people injured. This accident is known as the Ratujaya 1968 train collision.^[90]

• 6 June 1972 - A Perhutani pine wood transport train rolled over near Cukanghaur stop, on the Ciwidey-Soreang line. The accident killed the brakeman and the trader in the carriage.^[91]
• 17 June 1973 - At around 19:50, Train 75 Pandanaran (with locomotive BB200 35) collided with Train 2620 (with locomotive CC200 01) which experienced engine failure. This incident occurred in line number 1 of Telawa Station emplacement, and caused 11 people dead and 2 locomotives heavily damaged.^[92]

• 21 January 1981 - At 03:32 am, the Senja IV train departing from Purwokerto Station and the Maja train departing from Kroya Station collided in the Gunung Payung area, near the Serayu River Bridge. After the collision, both CC 201 locomotives were scrapped in 1986 because it was not possible to revive them.^[93]
• 28 June 1981 - At around 05:55 am, train 41 Mutiara Timur crashed before entering Rogojampi station, East Java, one train was thrown into the Lugonto river and the other crashed off the tracks, this incident caused 11 people killed, 20 people seriously injured and 25 others slightly injured.^[94]
• 19 October 1987 - At around 06:45 am, Local 225 Rangkas train collided with oncoming 220 Cepat Merak train (head-to-head collision) in Pondok Betung area, Bintaro, Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta. The accident was caused by the mistake of the head of Kebayoran Station who dispatched the Train 220 without informing the head of Sudimara Station that the two trains crossed at Sudimara Station. The incident left 156 people dead and more than 300 injured. This incident is known as the Bintaro Tragedy I..^[95][96]

• 2 November 1993 - At 11:30 am, there was a collision between electric railroad trains in the Ratu Jaya area of Depok city, known as the 1993 Ratu Jaya train accident.^{[citation needed]}
• 24 October 1995 - at 00:10, two combined Kahuripan and Galuh trains crashed in Kadipaten, Tasikmalaya, precisely in the Trowek area (now around Cirahayu Station). This incident caused the train to enter a ravine and two locomotives, CC 201 05 and CC 201 75R were badly damaged and had to undergo major repairs. which also claimed the death and injury victims were on the train that entered the ravine.^[97]
• 7 February 1998 - A two Parahyangan trains from opposite directions collided at Sadang Station, East Java. 52 passengers were injured.^[98]

• 18 April 2000 - There was a chain reaction accident between container train KA 2246, animal transport train KA 2002, and Argo Bromo train KA 5 near Kosambi Station. 3 stowaways on the animal transportation train were killed.^[99][100]
• 1 May 2000 - There was a goat fight accident between two local trains drawn by BB304 and BB306 on the section of road between Sudimara Station and Rawa Buntu Station. 5 passengers were killed.^[101]
• 28 June 2000 - A Coal train derailed in Lembah Anai, West Sumatra. At that time many stowaways boarded the coal train, but the train lost control and rolled over until it fell into a ravine. This incident left 19 people dead and 20 others injured.
• 19 August 2000 - There was an accident between Coal Train 228 pulled by CC20176R and KRL 628 Hitachi on the plot between Kampung Bandan Station and Angke Station. This incident killed 3 people, two of whom were PT KAI officers.
• 25 December 2001 - At around 04:33 a.m., Empu Jaya train with journey number 146 crashed into Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train with journey number 153 which was waiting to cross at track 3 emplacement of Ketanggungan Barat Station, Brebes, Central Java. The collision occurred because train 146 violated the red signal (a sign that the train must stop). This incident resulted in 31 people killed and 53 others seriously injured including the driver of Train 146.^[102]
• 10 June 2002, at around 11:45 a.m., locomotive BB 306 15 carrying 7 wagons of cement (KKW) collided with coal train number KA-2807 pulled by locomotive BB 204 10, carrying 8 wagons of coal (KKBW) and pushing locomotive BB 306 14. The collision occurred at the Koto Luar crossing at kilometer 11+450 on the Pauh Lima-Indarung road.^[103]
• 9 December 2002 - At 22:50 WIB, Argo Dwipangga train with Solo Balapan-Gambir route crashed in Sarwagadung-Mirit Village, Prembun, Kebumen, Central Java. In the accident, five train passengers were killed and dozens were injured. The cause of the accident was a rail that shifted due to a box truck that passed through the tunnel under the train track just before the Argo Dwipangga passed. This was the worst train accident during the Eid backflow in 2002.^[104]
• 3 January 2003 - At 04:45, Bima train from Surabaya to Gambir crashed at km 312+8/9 emplacement of Bumiayu Station, Wesel no. 13A Plotted road between Kretek Station-Linggapura Lintas Kroya-Cirebon. There were no casualties..^[105]
• 21 April 2003 - At 2:25 pm, a long coal train (Babaranjang) B19 crashed at km 8+470, road section between Tanjungkarang-Tarahan Station, Sumur Putri Village, Garuntang District, Bandar Lampung. There were no casualties.^[106]
• 14 May 2003 At 12:40, Sancaka train line from Surabaya to Yogyakarta crashed at km 204. There were no casualties.^[107]
• 30 May 2003 - At 09:27, train 122 Fajar Utama Semarang crashed at km 156+0/3 emplacement of Kedokangabus Station. There were no casualties.^[108]
• 30 July 2003 - At 00.35, train 1404 carrying Pertamina fuel oil (BBM) with a total train weight of 855 tons crashed and several cars rolled over. There were no casualties.^[109]
• 1 August 2003 - At 09:40, train 84 Kamandanu on the Gambir-Semarang Tawang route crashed at km 52+600 to 53+100 between Lemahabang Station and Kedunggedeh, East Cikarang District, Bekasi Regency, West Java. A total of 6 passengers were seriously injured and 12 passengers suffered minor injuries.^[110]
• 4 October 2003 - A KRL Holec KL3-97242F serving KA 490 (Economy) bound for Bogor crashed into the tail of KA 488 served by KRL Holec KL3-94212F on the road between Cilebut station and Bogor station. 39 passengers were injured.^[111]
• 27 October 2003 - At 12:05, Argo Bromo Anggrek train on Surbaya Pasar Turi-Gambir route crashed at km 38+420 on the road between Karangjati-Gubug station, Grobogan regency, Central Java.^[112]
• 19 May 2005 - Fajar Utama Ekspres Lampung train pulled by locomotive CC201 121R crashed into Babaranjang train. Four people died and locomotive CC201 121R was retired.^[113]
• 14 April 2006 - At 02:15 in the morning in Grobogan. Kertajaya train with driver Nurhadi collided with Sembrani train with driver Muhadi. A total of 14 people were killed. It all started when the Kertajaya train entered Gubug Station from Jakarta. At that time, Kertajaya entered on Line 1. Gumarang train then entered Gubug Station on line 2. After Gumarang passed, as if impatient, Kertajaya train moved out of the station and entered line 2. In fact, at that time Kertajaya train had not been given the signal to go. When Kertajaya train entered track 2, suddenly Sembrani train with driver Muhadi came from Jakarta at high speed, and a violent collision was inevitable. Both locomotives that collided, CC 201 135R (Kertajaya train) and CC 203 39 (Sembrani train) were severely damaged and almost shapeless, the CC 201 135R locomotive was then transferred to Sumatra in 2007.^[114]
• 14 April 2006 - At 05:40, there was a collision between CPO boiler trains at Perbaungan Station, this incident caused the Divre 1 cross line to be paralyzed for two days. Two people were killed and three others were seriously injured.^[115][116]
• 18 April 2006 - KRL Pakuan Ekspres majoring in Jakarta-Bogor crashed into Metromini S-64 majoring in Pasar Minggu-Cililitan. Five people died on the spot, one died at the hospital, while one other person is still in critical condition. The incident occurred when the Metromini was about to pass the Duren Kalibata railroad crossing, South Jakarta, under the Kalibata overpass at around 3pm. According to an eyewitness, the accident occurred because the Metromini was held up because right in front of it there was another transportation that was stopped. Although the driver had honked repeatedly for the other transportation to move forward, it was ignored.^[117]
• 1 November 2006, kereta eksekutif Parahyangan, rute Bandung–Jakarta, anjlok di Kampung Babakan, Tanjungpura, Karawang. Tidak ada korban.^[118]
• 1 November 2006 - Parahyangan executive train, Bandung-Jakarta route, crashed in Babakan Village, Tanjungpura, Karawang. There were no victims.^[118]
• 11 December 2006 - Mutiara Timur train, route Surabaya-Banyuwangi, crashed in Randuagung village, Lumajang, East Java. There were no casualties.
• 13 December 2006 - Sawunggalih executive train, Kutoarjo-Jakarta route, crashed in Karangsari, Cilongok, Banyumas, Central Java. There were no casualties.^[119]
• 2 January 2007 - A commuter train 241 on the Jakarta-Bojong Gede route crashed on line 10 of }Jakarta Kota Station, West Jakarta. There were no victims.^[120]
• 16 January 2007 - In the early hours of the morning, a Bengawan train carrying Solo-Tanahabang route broke down in Cilongok District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. Five passengers were reported dead, hundreds were injured as a result of this incident. Of the five dead, three of them have been identified. Bengawan train was carrying 12 cars, car 4 fell into the river, while cars 5 to 12 tilted on the tracks.^[121]
• 29 January 2007 - Bengawan economy train, Solo-Jakarta route, crashed at Bangoduwa Station, Klangenan, Cirebon, West Java. There were no casualties.^[122]
• 31 January 2007 - Sancaka business train, Surabaya-Yogyakarta route, crashed in Nganjuk, East Java. There were no casualties.^[123]
• 2 February 2007 - At 08.20 am, Sribilah train collided with a freight train, at the exit track of Rantau Prapat Station, North Sumatra. The initial suspicion was that the cause of the collision was due to the officer neglecting to move the railroad tracks in and out of the train. The collision resulted in 9 serious injuries and 26 minor injuries.^[124]
• 6 February 2007 - At 12:20 pm. Putri Hijau train rolled over near Teluk Mengkudu railway station, due to sabotage of telephone installation using stone slabs, but the stone was shifted and covered the train track. This incident caused the locomotive and 2 economic series to roll over, there were no casualties but the injured reached dozens of people, and this incident caused the Divre 1 Line to be completely paralyzed for 1 day.^[125]
• 25 March 2007 - At 10:00 a.m., Rapih Dhoho train, Blitar-Surabaya route, crashed into a double truck loaded with fertilizer in Sumbergarum village, Garum sub-district, Blitar district, 1.5 km from Garum station. The accident site is known to have no railroad crossing gates. There were no casualties from this accident but it paralyzed train traffic on the local line.^[126]
• 26 March 2007 - At 15:27 pm, Mutiara Timur train from Banyuwangi with the destination Surabaya, hit three cars and one motorcycle. The train doors were not closed and the siren was not sounded. As a result, three people died and five others were injured.^[127]
• 7 April 2007 - At 03.10, Tawang Jaya train from Jakarta to Semarang crashed in Surodadi, Tegal regency, Central Java causing the death of an 8-month-old baby, while 14 other passengers were injured.^[128]
• 21 April 2007 - At 03.25, Serayu (train), Senen-Kroya route, crashed in Cilengkrang, Cibatu, Garut, West Java. A total of three carriages fell into a 30-meter deep ravine on the edge of the train tracks. 40 people were injured and 6 others were seriously injured.^[129]
• 21 April 2007 - At 12:15, Argo Lawu train from Solo to Gambir crashed in Purwokerto area. There were no casualties.^[130]
• 5 August 2007 - a train loaded with cement majoring Indarung-Teluk Bayur rolled over in Kampung Juar area of Padang, West Sumatra. 14 out of 20 crashed and rolled over, There were no casualties in the incident, the cause of which is not yet known.^[131]
• 12 August 2007 - the Gumarang train majoring in Surabaya-Jakarta at Kramat hamlet, Mangunsari village, Tegowanu sub-district, Grobogan district, crashed. Dozens of people were injured. The accident was allegedly caused by an act of sabotage by certain parties. This suspicion is corroborated by the fact that one of the rail sections was cut with a five-meter-long saw and the locking bolt was removed. However, the rail was not taken away, but left in place.^[132]
• 17 August 2007 - at 4:05 pm; a freight train carrying 20 container gates from Surabaya to Jakarta crashed at Plabuan Station, Batang regency, Central Java.^[133]
• 4 July 2008 - Two trains collided on track two of Sengon Station, Purwosari, Pasuruan, East Java. The collision occurred because locomotive BB301 21 without cars coming down from Malang had malfunctioning brakes. As a result, the locomotive, run by driver Harianto, could not stop on track 2 of Sengon Station. At the same time, the fuel train pulled by locomotive CC 203 27 from Bangil, run by driver Katnadi, also entered track 2. As a result, the collision was unavoidable. As a result of the head-on collision, both locomotives suffered serious damage. Both faces of the locomotives were damaged, including a series of fuel cars. Because the position of the collision was right above the crossing line, all train trips from Surabaya to Malang via Bangil, or vice versa, were delayed.^[134]
• 30 October 2008 - A train 421 Economy AC served by ex-Toei 6000 train 6181F was overtaken by train 1001 Antaboga behind WTC Mangga Dua, just a few hundred meters before Kampung Bandan Station. This incident was caused by the 1001 train driver who violated the entry signal and hit the slow-moving KA 421.^[135]
• 22 December 2008 - At 16:30 pm. Putri deli train crashed before entering Medan Station as a result of broken rail pads, this resulted in 2 trains and the locomotive being overturned, and two people were injured.^[136]
• 23 January 2009 - Antaboga container train was hit by Rajawali train at high speed at Kapas Station, Bojonegoro. This was caused by the PPKA not moving the switch to the empty second track. From the incident, it was recorded that the driver of the Antaboga container train and his assistant were killed in the wrecked locomotive.^[137]
• 5 June 2009 - a KRL hit a fellow KRL near Manggarai Station. Travel was hampered by a temporary power outage until the situation was restored.^[138]
• 4 August 2009 - at 10:28 a.m., train 221 Pakuan Ekspres crashed into train 549 Ekonomi which broke down at Pondok Rumput, Tanah Sareal about 2 km from Bogor Station. As a result of this incident Pakuan Ekspres technician died and dozens of passengers were injured. The two trains involved, Toei electric rail train 6000 series 6151F and BN-Holec electric rail train KL3-97234 were severely damaged.^[139]
• 4 September 2009 - A locomotive CC201 44 pulling Penataran train rolled over after hitting a buffalo owned by herder Rasim, in Singosari, Malang, East Java. The driver was killed, while 5 passengers were slightly injured and 1 passenger was seriously injured. As a result, PT KA Daop VIII Surabaya charged Rasim as a suspect, as well as 10 billion in damages for the incident.^[140]

• 29 June 2010 - The Logawa train crashed and rolled over in Petung hamlet, Pajaran, Saradan, Madiun, East Java, about 1 kilometer from the Madiun-Nganjuk border. Six passengers were crushed to death. It is suspected that the train rolled over due to its high speed while traveling on a turning track.^[141]
• 8 September 2010 - at 13:00 WIB, there was a collision between Sribilah train and CPO freight train in North Sumatra, this happened because Sribilah had not fully entered the wesel which caused the CPO train to hit the final train of Sribilah train, there were no casualties in this event, but caused almost all trips that day to be canceled due to the overturned and downed locomotive that covered the railroad track.^[142]
• 2 October 2010 - Petarukan train collision - At 02.45 am, occurred between train 4 Argo Bromo Anggrek and train 116 Senja Utama Semarang, which were waiting for a crossing at Petarukan Station, Pemalang, Central Java. Train 116 Senja Utama Semarang entered track 3 to cross train 101 Senja Kediri and was followed by train 4 Argo Bromo Anggrek. While waiting to be overtaken, KA 116 was suddenly hit from behind by KA 4 which violated the entry signal. The death toll reached 36 and dozens were injured. The crew of Train 4 violated the signal because they were later found to be experiencing microsleep.^[143]
• 2 October 2010 - at 3 a.m., a train collision also occurred at Purwosari Station, where train 34 Bima grazed the rearmost train of train 144 Gaya Baru Malam Selatan which stopped at Purwosari Station. Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train entered track 1 to be followed by Bima train, but the rearmost train of Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train did not fully enter track 1, which made the straight line blocked by GBMS train. As a result, Bima train grazed the rear set of Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train and caused one passenger dead and 4 people injured. The mistake of PPKA Purwosari Station was the cause of this accident.
• 9 November 2010 - Cirebon Ekspres train 60, Gambir-Cirebon relation, crashed at Telagasari Station, Indramayu, West Java. There were no casualties in the incident, but the train schedule through the North Java route was delayed.
• 28 November 2010 - A train 1 Argo Bromo Anggrek from Surabaya Pasarturi Station to Gambir with locomotive number CC203 21 crashed into a truck with police number S 8584 C in Kebonsari Village, Sukodadi District, Lamongan, East Java. The three victims were truck passengers Sunaji (35), Mulyadi (35) and Sutrisno (32) the truck driver, all residents of Cendoro Village, Palang, Tuban, East Java. The accident occurred at around 09.00 am. At that time the truck loaded with barn stones was traveling from the east (Surabaya). Arriving at the scene, the truck turned left onto the railroad track.^[144]
• 28 January 2011 - there was a collision between Mutiara Selatan train to Bandung and Kutojaya Selatan train to Kutoarjo, which was waiting to cross with Mutiara Selatan train at Langen Station, Banjar regency, West Java. However, Mutiara Selatan train broke the signal and went straight into track 3. The collision was inevitable, both locomotives, CC201 62 and CC203 11 were damaged on the front.^[145]
• 4 January 2011 - at around 1:15 pm, Gajayana train was running without locomotive from Malang Station. The train then broke the safety wall and crashed into three houses. This accident resulted in the death of one child and the injury of another.^[146]
• February 2012 - there was a collision between Babaranjang Train to Tanjung Enim and Kertapati Station coal train to Sukacinta Station, South Sumatra. 4 people died on the spot, 2 locomotives, namely CC202 16 and CC201 83R were wrecked and burned. As a result of this accident, four victims died instantly due to entrapment and this accident resulted in PT KAI losing both locomotives due to retirement..^[147]
• 22 March 2012 - A locomotive CC 201 98 (CC 201 92 08) which had been transferred to South Sumatra, had an accident while pulling Barapati train in Prabumulih, caught fire and could no longer be operated.
• 4 October 2012 - Commuter Line 435 to Jakarta Kota Station derailed at Cilebut Station, the station platform was damaged due to being hit by train 3. As a result of this incident, the Commuter Line travel schedule only reached Bojong Gede Station and Bogor Station was closed because the train could not pass.^[148]
• On 9 December 2013 - a Commuter Line train with the TM 7021F series crashed into a Pertamina tanker truck carrying 24,000 liters of premium fuel at the Bintaro railway crossing in South Jakarta. This accident occurred allegedly because the doorstop was not functioning. KRL Commuter Line majoring Serpong-Tanah Abang Station number 1131 departed from Serpong at around 11:01 am, but was slightly late due to air conditioning repairs. After that, it departed for Pondok Ranji. that's where the mistake began to occur. The tanker truck passed through the crossing, not far away the KRL came. The officer immediately raised the red flag. The KRL could not brake suddenly and finally at 11.25 there was a collision. At around 11:30, there were three explosions. This incident is known as the 2013 Bintaro train crash.^[149]
• 3 January 2014 - At 2:05 p.m., train 7118 Pangrango with Bogor Paledang Station to Sukabumi Station connection crashed at Pamoyanan Bridge in Cicurug, Sukabumi, West Java due to a broken rail. There were no casualties in this incident. 1 dining car that was in the last train almost rolled over due to stepping on the broken rail. Finally, the dining car was released and left from the train and the train returned to running without electricity & restoration facilities. Rail repairs were completed at 21:25, by repairing the broken sleepers and the next day trains were able to return to normal traffic.^[150]
• 23 January 2014 - Senja Utama Solo train hit a student of SMA Negeri 1 Gamping at a level crossing in Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta precisely in Banyuraden village. It is said that when the crossing bar was closed, the Prambanan Ekspres train passed by. However, just after the crossbar opened, Senja Utama train suddenly came from the west.^[151] It is known that there was an error in the semi-automatic crossing.^[152] As a result, four people died, namely Gitri Yudha Widada (17), a resident of Balecatur Sleman, Latifah Sylfia Erpriliani (16), a resident of Godean, Sleman, both students of SMAN 1 Gamping, and Sumardi (57), a resident of Kanoman Gamping and Suparwanto (41).^[153]
• 10 February 2014 - Two Siliwangi trains traveling from Cianjur Station to Sukabumi Station crashed at around 1:30 pm near Lampegan tunnel, Cianjur, precisely at Lampegan Station - Cireungas Station. The body of one of the carriages hit the Lampegan tunnel when it derailed, but did not damage the tunnel construction.^[154]
• 8 March 2014 - A tour bus PO Haryanto with license plate number B 7036 PGA, which was carrying a group of children for a charity activity, was hit by a Menoreh train while passing through an illegal crossing between Cikarang and Tambun Stations. As a result, the locomotive was damaged and the lights were broken. However, the bus driver managed to escape and his kernet was secured.^[155]
• 4 April 2014 - A Malabar train rolled over around Tasikmalaya area, West Java between Ciawi-Cirahayu Station section at km 244. To date, four victims have been reported dead, two others are still pinned between the overturned train. The Malabar train rolled over due to a landslide. It is rumored that this train rolled into a ravine. The victims of the accident were taken to the Ciawi Health Center. This incident occurred at around 6:30 p.m.^[156]
• 4 May 2014 - Bogowonto train and its power train (P 0 08 01) pulled by CC206 rolled over after hitting a container truck in Cirebon, West Java. There were no fatalities, but the driver and several passengers were injured. This incident caused the train schedule to be delayed and evacuation was difficult due to the heavy weight of CC206.^[157]
• 23 May 2015 - At 6:50 pm, Bangunkarta train bound for Surabaya Gubeng Station nudged KA 2502 transporting large pipes at Waruduwur Station, Cirebon Operation Area III, causing one generator train, two executive passenger trains, and locomotive number CC206 13 23 belonging to Purwokerto Locomotive Depot to derail. The derailment occurred at the switch, then the locomotive blocked, hitting freight train KA 2502 Gas Pipe which was stopped on track 4 because the rearmost car had not passed the free section limit. At the same time, a cement train was stopping on track 1. One of the guards of freight train 2502 carrying the pipes suffered serious injuries to his broken leg and was hospitalized at Ciremai Hospital, Cirebon, West Java. Meanwhile, the other one was discharged.^[158]
• 15 June 2015 - A coal train (Babaranjang train) with train number 3029 crashed into the rearmost carriage of train 3027 which was being held by the Metur Station, South Sumatra entry signal. As a result of the collision, two cars of KA 3027 (serial numbers 46 and 47) that were hit by the locomotive of KA 3029 were destroyed and went up to the top of car number 45, as well as two locomotives of KA 3029 (CC 205 13 41 and EMD GT38ACeCC 205 13 10) which suffered minor physical damage, but suffered heavy damage in the computer system. The locomotives involved in the accident were sent to Balai Yasa Lahat for repairs and were back in service in 2019.^{[159][160][161]}
• 23 September 2015 - at 3:25 pm, there was an accident involving two KRL JR 205 SF 10 (series 205-54F and 205-123F) at Juanda Station. The condition of the two JR 205 KRL cabins (KuHa 204 / 205) was heavily damaged. The condition of train numbers 1-9 in both trains also suffered heavy damage, especially in the connection section, which was also heavily damaged and crushed. 42 people were injured as a result of the accident.^[162][163] This incident resulted in the driver of KRL 1156, Gustian, being seriously injured and had to be referred to Gatot Soebroto Army Central Hospital, Central Jakarta.^[164]
• 6 October 2015 - Babaranjang train with train number 3026 crashed into the rearmost carriage of train 3024 which was stopped at Negeri Agung Station, South Sumatra. There were no casualties, but due to the collision, the train 3024 which was hit by Locomotive KA 3026 was damaged and plummeted by 17 axles, as well as two Locomotives KA 3026 (CC 205 13 15 and CC 205 13 26) and 2 (two) cars behind it plummeted by 20 axles as well as damage to railroad components at this station. The evacuation process of the two train sets was completed at 19:22 WIB on 7 October 2015 and caused all train trips to be canceled. The locomotive involved in this accident was so heavily damaged that it had to be sent to Progress Rail in 2018, and has returned to Lampung in 2020.^{[111][165][166]} As of 4 May 2021, this locomotive has returned to regular operation.
• 6 December 2015 - There was an accident involving KRL 1528/JR 205 and MetroMini with police number B 7760 FD in Angke area, Tambora, West Jakarta, near Angke station, due to MetroMini crossing the level crossing. Thirteen MetroMini passengers were killed in the incident, but there were no casualties from KRL Commuter Line passengers, according to Eva Chairunnisa, corporate communications of PT KCJ. Traffic passing through the level crossing was then diverted through the flyover located above this level crossing.^[167] However, the death toll of this accident increased to 18 people.^[168]
• 15 December 2015 - Sri Lelawangsa train crashed into a sepur badug after a test run at Medan Station. There were no fatalities in this incident.^[169]
• 11 January 2016 - Pasundan train hit a truck loaded with sand at the level crossing km 369+7/8, Kubangkangkung, Kawunganten, Cilacap, Central Java. This accident did not cause any casualties but the Pasundan train was held at the scene for about 2.5 hours because it was waiting for the evacuation process of the truck that was stuck in the train door and the slipping process.^[170]
• 19 May 2016 - At 04.23 there was an accident where Senja Utama Solo train crashed into a Toyota Avanza car and Transjakarta bus at Gunung Sahari crossing line (JPL), North Jakarta. It is suspected that this accident occurred because the Gunung Sahari JPL officer was late in closing the railroad crossing doorstop.^[171]
• 23 April 2017 - at 05.00 am, there was an accident of KA 90 crashing into a car at Jemursari Crossing, 3 people died and were treated at Dr. Soetomo Hospital and Bhayangkara East Java Police Hospital, Surabaya. As a result, PJL 21 near Margorejo bus stop was closed.
• 20 May 2017 - at 10:30 a.m., Argo Bromo Anggrek train (KA 1) bound for Gambir Station crashed into a Toyota Avanza Minibus at an unbarred crossing, 500 meters from Sedadi Station, Grobogan, Central Java. The front outer part of the locomotive with number CC206 13 92 owned by Locomotive Depot caught fire due to the minibus fire, and the minibus was dragged to Sedadi Station. 4 people in the minibus were killed, while Argo Anggrek's journey was hampered as it waited for a relief locomotive (CC 206 13 66 SMC) to arrive from Semarang Poncol Locomotive Depot.^[172]
• 21 May 2017 - at 9:52 pm, KA 3 Argo Bromo Anggrek bound for Gambir Station hit a pickup truck with police number K 1804 MN at the crossing in Randublatung sub-district, Blora, Central Java. Locomotive CC 206 13 69 owned by Yogyakarta Locomotive Depot was damaged at the front, and the pickup truck was wrecked on the spot. There were no casualties, but the driver of the car ran away, and the train continued its journey 2 minutes later to Semarang Tawang Station for locomotive replacement by CC 201 83 24 (CC 201 62) owned by Purwokerto Main Depot.^[173]
• 31 August 2017 - A car crashed into Bogowonto train at Cakung Station, but there was no police number, most likely there were victims.
• 27 February 2018 - the stairs of a Minangkabau Ekspres train nudged the end of the platform at Air Tawar Station, West Sumatra. This incident caused the train's trial trip to be disrupted because it had to stop for a long time at this station.^[174][175]
• 6 April 2018 - Sancaka train with train number KA 86 crashed due to being hit by a trailer truck carrying concrete at km 215+8 crossing Sambirejo, Mantingan, Ngawi, East Java. As a result of this accident, the driver of KA 86 died and the assistant driver was in a coma. The damage in this accident made Locomotive CC201 with series CC201 83 49 belonging to Sidotopo Main Depot with conservation status, 3 Executive class trains and 1 Generator train plummeted and damaged.^{[176][circular reference][177]}
• 20 August 2018 - Bangunkarta train from Surabaya hit a car in Bulak Kapal area, Bekasi, West Java. The incident began when a car was about to cross the unbarred level crossing, when it was about to cross the driver was stopped by a witness who was guarding the crossing, but the victim continued to pass through and the car experienced engine failure, shortly thereafter the Bangunkarta train traveling from Jakarta hit the car. The train stopped after hitting the car, then a Taksaka train traveling from the east also hit the car. In this incident, the driver of the car died.^[178][179]
• 10 March 2019 - Tokyu 8512F serving as KRL 1721/1722 on Jatinegara-Kampung Bandan-Bogor route crashed at Cilebut-Bogor section in Kebon Pedes area, Bogor, West Java. This accident caused the MC2 train (8612) to fall and hit the LAA pole until it was dented on the right front. Four train units involved in the accident were declared retired (afkir), while four other train units survived and were donated to KRL Tokyu 8510F. During the evacuation process, the overhead electricity on the railway line had to be turned off.^[180]
• 4 June 2019 - Serayu train with trip number 215 crashed at km. 193 Lebakjero-Nagreg section, Garut, West Java. There were no casualties in the incident, but a number of other train trips were delayed by several hours. Some trains even had to detour through Cirebon.^[181]
• 16 December 2019 - precisely at km 6, the Tebing Tinggi-Naga Kasiangan, North Sumatra plot was hit by floods and landslides, which caused Locomotive CC 201 89 14R to fall off the tracks. This incident caused train trips to and from Siantar to be canceled.^[182]

• 21 January 2020 - The Tawang Jaya train with trip number KA 329 crashed at a level crossing in the Pondok Jati area, Matraman, East Jakarta. There were no casualties in the incident, but a number of KRL Commuter Line electric train trips were disrupted.^[183]
• 25 February 2020 - At 14:28 WIB, a commuter train with trip number KRL 1118 Jakarta Kota-Bogor crashed at Jayakarta Station. There were no casualties from the incident.^[184]
• 2 October 2020 - the locomotive of Serayu Pagi train with trip number KA322 Purwokerto-Pasar Senen route crashed in Ciamis, West Java. The derailment occurred at kilometer 285+01 between Manonjaya Station and Ciamis Station at 17:30 local time. This incident resulted in the train being unable to continue its journey. A relief train and Kirow crane from Bandung were dispatched to evacuate the derailed locomotive. Serayu Pagi train passengers were then escorted to Banjar Station by bus to continue their journey using a replacement train. As a result of this derailment, the Turangga train with trip number KA 78 to Surabaya Gubeng had to be diverted through Cirebon.^[185]
• 30 October 2020 - a commuter train with trip number KRL 1481 on the Bekasi-Jakarta Kota route via Senen crashed at Kampung Bandan Station. The incident resulted in train travel from Bogor to Jatinegara only until Angke Station. For Bekasi-Kota train travel via Pasar Senen only until Kemayoran Station. Meanwhile, train trips from Jatinegara to Bogor are diverted into Jatinegara-Manggarai-Bogor relations.^[186]
• 30 October 2020 - The JR East 205 KRL train that was being sent to Klaten, Central Java was damaged after its roof grazed the top of the Kalioso Bridge which is lower than the KRL roof. As a result, the train's pantograph was destroyed and the train's air conditioning was severely damaged. There were AC panels stuck on the Kalioso Bridge after the incident. Nonetheless, the train underwent repairs upon arrival in Klaten before serving as the Yogyakarta-Solo electric railroad.^[187]
• 18 November 2020 - At around 2:30 p.m., the Gajayana train along with seven spare train units ran without a locomotive from Malang Station to Malang Kotalama Station. The train derailed after hitting an excavator because Malang Kotalama Station was undergoing rail repairs. This incident resulted in four trains being damaged. There were no casualties in this incident.
• 13 December 2020 - At 22.45 WIB, the Brantas train crashed into a police patrol car belonging to Kalijambe Police Station containing 2 police officers and 1 TNI Koramil Kalijambe at the crossing without a doorstop Dukuh Siboto RT 11/02, Kalimacan Village, Kalijambe, Sragen, Central Java, ahead of Kalioso Station. This incident resulted in the death of 3 officers.^[188]
• 12 November 2021 - PT TEL's pulp-carrying freight train crashed while passing on line 2 of Peninjawan Station, South Sumatra. There were no casualties from this incident, but train travel on this line was disrupted for 14 hours and resulted in damage to the station's line 3 switch. The cars that fell were car 13 (GT501811), car 14 (GT500022), car 15 (GT500081), car 16 (GT500048), 1 rail maintenance machine (CSM 09-16-3528) and one caboose or rest area number (SN 001-01) that was parked on line 1.
• 4 December 2021 - the Sri Lelawangsa train crashed into an angkot at the Jalan Sekip crossing, Medan, North Sumatra. This incident resulted in 5 people dead and 4 people injured.^[189]
• 11 December 2021 -Two long coal trains, namely KA 3061 pulled by locomotives CC 205 14 04 and CC 205 21 04, crashed into the rearmost carriage of KA 3055 which was stopped at the emplacement of Penanggiran Station, South Sumatra. As a result, 8 open cars of KA 3055 as well as the locomotive and 2 open cars of KA 3061 plummeted 40 axles and rolled over.^[190][191] There were no casualties in this incident, but this accident made the trips of two passenger trains, namely Serelo and Sindang Marga trains, also canceled..^[192]
• 27 February 2022 - Dhoho train with Blitar-Kertosono relation crashed into Harapan Jaya bus at a crossing without a doorstop in the plot between Tulungagung-Ngujang, Kedungwaru, Tulungagung, East Java. In this incident, the driver and passengers became victims. 6 passengers were killed and 14 others were injured.^[193][194]
• 21 June 2022 - at 10:55 WIB, Argo Sindoro train (PLB KA 11) Semarang Tawang-Gambir relation crashed into a Toyota Avanza car at a level crossing between Tambun-Cibitung Station, South Tambun, Bekasi, West Java. Unfortunately, the car was dragged for about 1.2 km before entering Tambun Station, and the car driver died.^[195]
• 26 July 2022 - KA Lokal Merak to Rangkasbitung crashed into an the Odong-odong at a crossing without a crossbar near the former Silebu Bus Stop, Kragilan, Serang, Banten. The Odong-odong was carrying 34 passengers, 9 passengers were killed and 24 others and the driver were injured.^[196][197]
• 7 November 2022 - The two Babaranjang trains, namely KA 3056A pulled by locomotives CC 205 21 20 and EMD GT38ACeCC 205 13 16 collided with KA 3031A pulled by locomotives CC 205 13 37 and CC 205 13 33 which were stopped on track 1 of the Rengas Station emplacement, Lampung.^[198] As a result, the four colliding locomotives were severely damaged, 2 open cars of KA 3031A and 2 of KA 3056A plummeted and 8 open cars of KA 3056A rolled 32 axles. There were no casualties in this incident, but this accident made all train trips canceled.^[199]
• 30 March 2023 - Turangga train (KA 80) on the Bandung-Surabaya Gubeng route with locomotive CC 206 13 99 BD crashed into an animal feed truck at the crossing between Jombang Station and Sembung Station in Diwek, Jombang, East Java. The cause of the accident was caused by the truck breaking down at the crossing. As a result, locomotive CC 206 13 99 BD was wrecked, and there were no casualties. However, train traffic on the Madiun-Surabaya corridor from the southern and central lines of Java was disrupted as a result of the incident.^[200]
• 18 April 2023 - A Jayabaya train with Pasar Senen-Surabaya Pasarturi-Malang relation crashed into a sedan with police number S 1649 PK on the Surabayan-Lamongan section in Lamongan Kota, Lamongan, East Java. Public Relations Manager of Operation Region VIII Surabaya, Luqman Arif said that the car was crushed by Jayabaya train at KM 185+2⅔ and was badly damaged and almost out of shape, the incident killed 2 people. As a result of the incident, Locomotive CC206 series CC206 13 12 was damaged and replaced by Surabaya Pasarturi depot locomotive, causing a delay of more than 1 hour on the northern crossing of Java Island Semarang-Surabaya corridor.^[201]
• 19 April 2023 - A car with the police number B 1559 NCQ entered the rail line on the section between Sumpiuh-Tambak, Tambak, Banyumas, Central Java. The driver with the initials C who was driving from the direction of Purworejo, the cause was due to the driver's deliberate actions to enter the tracks from the direction of Tambak. After witnessing the incident, the Public Relations Manager of Purwokerto Operation Region V, Krisbiyantoro, said that the car was not hit by a train, nor was it stuck. The driver was about to crash into a passing bus. Until the driver did something dangerous, namely crossing the tracks. One of the passengers said the driver and passengers who wanted to die all together. The driver then swerved to the right and crossed, after that. The driver immediately ran away. Sumpiuh Police tested the urine of the driver with the initials C, after the urine test, C was positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine. The incident is likely to cause delays in train schedules, especially the southern and central lines of Java Island, Bandung-Kutoarjo and Purwokerto-Kutoarjo corridors.
• 29 April 2023 - The body of the Chief of Drugs of the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police, Buddy Alfrits Towoliu, was found. It is likely that the body was found in the plot between Klender Baru-Cakung, Cakung, East Jakarta, before the incident. The victim left the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police building and was recorded by CCTV leaving and changing clothes, then also recorded by CCTV at Jatinegara Station and several locations. Until he was hit by the Tegal Bahari train, Tegal-Pasar Senen. The victim was suspected of committing suicide and was brought back to his hometown in Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi.
• 28 June 2023 - Sri Tanjung train (KA 244/241) of Ketapang-Lempuyangan relation was crushed by a car at a level crossing in Kalipuro, Banyuwangi, East Java; on the rail line at Argopuro Station-Banyuwangi Kota plot. The accident began when a Honda Mobilio car with police number P 1448 WR, containing a couple, suddenly entered the railroad crossing without a crossbar and stopped. At that time the front end of the car was in the middle of the rail. The car, which could not avoid, was immediately hit. As a result of this incident, the locomotive CC 201 83 31 carrying Sri Tanjung train was damaged in several parts, including the ladder and stringing device.^[202]
• 18 July 2023 - Sribilah train with Rantau Prapat-Medan relation was crushed by a car on Marah Rusli road, Kisaran, Asahan, North Sumatra, between Hengelo-Kisaran. The accident began when a Nissan car with license plate BK 1747 RK containing 2 veterinarians was hesitating when it was about to cross the crossing without a doorstop, the distance was so close that the car could not avoid and was hit by Sribilah train. 1 person died in this incident and 1 other victim was critical and immediately rushed to the nearest health facility.^[203]
• 18 July 2023 - Kuala Stabas train KA S8 with Tanjung Karang - Baturaja relation was hit by a truck loaded with sugarcane in the patch between Blambangan Pagar-Kalibalangan station, Blambangan Pagar, North Lampung. The accident was caused by the sugarcane truck driver's lack of caution when crossing the tracks without a crossbar. The close proximity resulted in the truck being unable to avoid and was dragged for 100 meters. The official locomotive CC 201 83 42r or CC 201 120r suffered severe damage at the short end and all axles fell off and the locomotive tilted to the left of the direction of the train. There were no casualties in this incident.^{[citation needed]}
• 18 July 2023 - Brantas train (KA 112) with Pasar Senen-Blitar relation was stuck by a low bed dolly truck at the Madukoro Road crossing located at the Jerakah-Semarang Poncol Station plot, West Semarang, Semarang City, Central Java. The accident was caused by the truck driver's lack of understanding of the terrain, which caused the trailer to get stuck on the tracks. The accident caused a large explosion due to the truck's spilled fuel tank. Traffic on the northern route of Java Island in the Cirebon-Semarang corridor was disrupted due to this incident. Locomotive CC 201 77 11 SDT or CC 201 15 suffered burn damage to the short end and K1 0 80 01 BL as executive 1 suffered minor damage to the bogies and was removed from the train. There were no casualties in this incident, only 1 passenger suffered a broken right leg due to panic when trying to save himself out of the train.^{[citation needed]}
• 29 September 2023 - Jayakarta train (KA 218) of Pasar Senen-Surabaya Gubeng route hit a forklift on the section between Lemahabang and Kedunggedeh stations, East Cikarang, Bekasi, West Java; which resulted in locomotive CC 206 crashing. There were no casualties in this incident, but the Jayakarta train journey was delayed by 156 minutes and train traffic in the Jakarta-Cirebon/Bandung corridor was disrupted.^[204]
• 17 October 2023 - at 13:05 am local time, Argo Semeru train (KA 17) of Surabaya Gubeng-Gambir relation crashed at KM 520+4 between Wates-Sentolo at the bend of the former Kalimenur halte (train stop), Sentolo, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. A minute afterward, Argo Wilis train (KA 6) of Bandung-Surabaya Gubeng relation attacked the derailed train of Argo Semeru train (KA 17). This incident caused both trains to derail, causing delays and train traffic on the southern and central Java route of the Kutoarjo-Yogyakarta corridor was closed due to the incident.^{[citation needed]}

• 5 January 2024: Turangga train (KA PLB 65A) on Surabaya Gubeng-Bandung route collided with Commuter Line Bandung Raya (KA 350) on Padalarang-Cicalengka route at km 181+700, Cicalengka-Haurpugur section, Cicalengka, Bandung, West Java; the accident caused 4 deaths, namely the driver and assistant driver of Commuter Line Bandung Raya train, Turangga train attendant, and security unit of Cimekar Station; around 20-31 people were injured. As a result of the incident, train traffic across southern Java in the Bandung-Kutoarjo corridor was disrupted.^[205] Further information : 2024 Cicalengka railway collision
• 14 January 2024:
  • At around 16:30 WIB - Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train (PLB 105A train) of Surabaya Gubeng-Pasar Senen route hit a car at the level crossing at km 150+3 between Srowot-Brambanan Station, Prambanan, Klaten, Central Java. As a result of the incident, train traffic on the southern and central lines of the Yogyakarta-Surakarta corridor was disrupted where the locomotive was damaged when the train stopped unusually at Brambanan Station.^[206]
  • At 19:00 WIB - the Wijayakusuma train (KA PLB 120A-117A) of Ketapang-Surabaya Gubeng-Cilacap route hit a car suspected to be a member of the Banyuwangi Regency DPRD at a level crossing between Rogojampi-Temuguruh, Glenmore, Banyuwangi, East Java. So that the Wijayakusuma train had to make an extraordinary stop to check the condition of the locomotive due to the tempering of the car and the accident killed the Banyuwangi DPRD member from the National Awakening Party faction which resulted in damage to the rear of the car.^[207]
  • At 7:57 a.m. - Pandalungan train (KA 78-75) of Gambir-Surabaya Pasarturi-Jember relation crashed right at the north side wesel of Tanggulangin Station, Sidoarjo, East Java. This incident caused congestion on Jalan Raya Kludan and Jalan Raya Perumtas, as the back of the train blocked the lane. PT KAI Daop VIII decided to immediately evacuate the locomotive and the plummeting front train which resulted in disrupted train traffic on the Wonokromo-Bangil railway line.^[208]
• 15 February 2024 - the locomotive on Manahan train number 79A, Solo Balapan-Jakarta Gambir relation, derailed after being bumped by a sand truck at a level crossing in Tanjung, Brebes, Central Java; precisely at km 261+2 between Ketanggungan and Ciledug stations, killing two people, a father and son. There were no casualties from the passengers of the Manahan train in the accident, but there was damage to the front of locomotive CC 203 due to the tempering of the truck and rail traffic on the central Java Island Cirebon-Purwokerto corridor was disrupted, especially on the downstream line.^[209]
• 19 March 2024 - Putri Deli train with number U76A hit a Fuso Super Great truck loaded with fertilizer at Pasar Bengkel, Perbaungan close to Lidah Tanah station. The truck broke through the crossing barrier and broke down in the middle of the tracks. As a result of the collision, Locomotive BB203 78 03 MDN suffered serious damage to its cabin. There were no fatalities in this accident, but the driver and assistant driver suffered minor injuries due to being trapped in the cabin.^[210]
• 25 September 2024 - early in the morning, Taksaka train (KA 70) relations Gambir–Yogyakarta crashed into a truck concrete mixer at level crossing between Sentolo station and Rewulu station, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. This incident caused damage to the front of the locomotive CC206 and 1 executive class passenger train. There were no fatalities due to the incident, but the engineer and assistant driver of the Taksaka train were injured.^[211][212]
• 1 October 2024 - at 08.50 Local time, the Pandalungan train connecting Gambir–Jember crashed into a truck loaded with animal feed at between Grati Station–Bayeman, Probolinggo Regency, East Java. This incident caused damage to the front of the locomotive CC203 95 08. There were no fatalities due to this incident, but engineer, assistant engineer, and one officer who was traveling on the train locomotive Pandalungan fire suffered injuries.^[213][214]

• Jakarta Monorail
• Polsuska
• Transport in Indonesia
• List of named passenger trains of Indonesia
• List of railway stations in Indonesia
• List of railway companies in the Dutch East Indies
• List of defunct railway in Indonesia
• List of Kereta Api Indonesia rolling stock classes
• List of locomotives in Indonesia
• Trams in Surabaya
• Bali MRT

• United States Central Intelligence Agency (2 June 2005), The World Fact Book: Indonesia. Retrieved 17 June 2005.
• Garratt, Colin. The World Encyclopedia of Locomotives Anness Publishing (London), 2003, p. 47.
• History of Railways in Indonesia
• Rastika, Icha (14 November 2011). "Mantan Dirjen KA Dituntut Lima Tahun Penjara". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
• Sujadi, Akhmad (2016). Si Ular Besi Antar Jonan Jadi Menteri (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 978-602-03-2466-1.

• How the Railroad is Modernising Asia, The Advertiser, Adelaide, S. Australia, 22 March 1913. N.B.: The article is of approx. 1,500 words, covering approx. a dozen Asian countries.

Regulator

• Official site of Directorate General of Railways

Operators

• Official site of Indonesian Railways Co.
• Official site of Jakarta MRT
• Official site of Jakarta LRT
• Official site of KAI Commuter