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Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn

(Redirected from Taiwanese Romanization System)

The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien (usually called "Taiwanese") in Taiwan is known as Tâi-uân Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn,[I][1] often shortened to Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.[2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o͘, and using nn instead of ⁿ.

Tâi-uân Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Traditional Chinese臺灣台語羅馬字拼音方案
Simplified Chinese台湾台语罗马字拼音方案
Literal meaningTaiwan Taiwanese (language) Romanization Scheme
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiwān Táiyǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
Bopomofoㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄊㄞˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄗˋ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTair'uan Taiyeu Luomaatzyh Pin'in Fang'ann
Wade–GilesTʻai2-wan1 Tai2-yü3 Lo2-ma3-tzu4 Pʻin1-in1 Fang1-an4
Tongyong PinyinTáiwan Tái-yǔ Luó-mǎ-zìh Pin-yin Fang-àn
MPS2Táiwān Táiyǔ Luómǎtz̀ Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
IPA[tʰǎɪ.wán tʰǎɪ.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân]
Hakka
RomanizationThòi-vàn Thòi-ngî Lò-mâ-sṳ Piang-yîm Fông-on
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationTòihwāan Tòiyuh Lòhmáhjih Pingyām Fōng'on
Jyutpingtoi4 waan1 toi4 jyu6 lo4 maa5 zi6 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3
IPA[tʰɔj˩ wan˥ tʰɔj˩ jy˨ lɔ˩ ma˩˧ tsi˨ pʰɪŋ˧ jɐm˥ fɔŋ˥ ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-ôan Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn
Tâi-lôTâi-uân Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Traditional Chinese臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案
Simplified Chinese台湾闽南语罗马字拼音方案
Literal meaningTaiwanese Southern Min Romanization Scheme
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
Bopomofoㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄗˋ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTair'uan Miinnanyeu Luomaatzyh Pin'in Fang'ann
Wade–GilesTʻai2-wan1 Min3-nan2-yü3 Lo2-ma3-tzu4 Pʻin1-in1 Fang1-an4
Tongyong PinyinTáiwan Mǐn-nán-yǔ Luó-mǎ-zìh Pin-yin Fang-àn
MPS2Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎtz Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
IPA[tʰǎɪ.wán mìn.nǎn.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân]
Hakka
RomanizationThòi-vàn Men-nàm-ngî Lò-mâ-sṳ Piang-yîm Fông-on
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationTòihwāan Máhnnàahmyuh Lòhmáhjih Pingyām Fōng'on
Jyutpingtoi4 waan1 man5 naam4 jyu6 lo4 maa5 zi6 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3
IPA[tʰɔj˩ wan˥ mɐn˩˧ nam˩ jy˨ lɔ˩ ma˩˧ tsi˨ pʰɪŋ˧ jɐm˥ ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn
Tâi-lôTâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Tâi-lô
Traditional Chinese臺羅拼音
Simplified Chinese台罗拼音
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiluó Pīnyīn
Bopomofoㄊㄞˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTairluo Pin'in
Wade–GilesTʻai2-lo2 Pʻin1-in1
Tongyong PinyinTái-luó Pin-yin
MPS2Táiluó Pinyin
IPA[tʰǎɪ.lwǒ pʰín.ín]
Hakka
RomanizationThòi-lò Piang-yîm
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-lô Pheng-im
Tâi-lôTâi-lô Phing-im
Kàu-io̍k-pōo Lô-má-jī
Traditional Chinese教育部羅馬字
Simplified Chinese教育部罗马字
Literal meaningMinistry of Education Romanization
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiàoyùbù Luómǎzì
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKàu-io̍k-pō͘ Lô-má-jī
Tâi-lôKàu-io̍k-pōo Lô-má-jī
Taiwanese Romanization System

Alphabet

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The Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

Capital letter Lower case IPA Letter name (variant 1) Letter name (variant 2)
A a [a] a a
B b [b] bi be
E e [e] e e
G g [ɡ] gi ge
H h [h, ʔ] hi ha
I i [i] i i
J j [d͡z] ji je
K k [k] ki ka
Kh kh [kʰ] khi kha
L l [l] li e-luh
M m [m] mi e-muh
N n [n] ni e-nuh
Ng ng [ŋ] ngi nge
NN nn [◌̃] inn enn
O o [o] o o
Oo oo [ɔ] oo oo
P p [p] pi pe
Ph ph [pʰ] phi phe
S s [s] si e-suh
T t [t] ti te
Th th [tʰ] thi the
Ts ts [t͡s] tsi tse
Tsh tsh [t͡sʰ] tshi tshe
U u [u] u u
  • nn is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it only appears capitalized in all-caps texts.
  • Palatalization occurs when j, s, ts, tsh are followed by i, so ji, si, tsi, tshi are sometimes considered multigraphs.
  • Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, R is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (ir and er), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

Sample texts

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Tâi-lô
Pe̍h-uē-jī (PUJ) sī tsı̍t khuán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phìng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-uân ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-uī tong-tshoo sī thuân-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, sóo-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā PUJ kiò-tsò Kàu-huē Lô-má-jī, hı̍k-tsiá sī kán-tshing Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-tsiá bē-tsió m̄-sī kàu-tôo, kàu-tôo mā tsin tsē bē-hiáu PUJ.
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) sī chı̍t khoán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phèng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-ūi tong-chho͘ sī thôan-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, só͘-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā POJ kiò-chò Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī, he̍k-chiá sī kán-chheng Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-chiá bē-chió m̄-sī kàu-tô͘, kàu-tô͘ mā chin chē bē-hiáu POJ.
Hàn-jī
白話字是一款用拉丁（羅馬）拼音系統來寫臺灣的語言的書面文字。因為當初是傳教士引入來的，所以也有人共白話字叫做教會羅馬字，或者是簡稱教羅。不而過現代的使用者袂少毋是教徒，教徒嘛真濟袂曉白話字。
IPA
[peʔued͡ʑi (pi o d͡ʑe) ɕi t͡ɕiʔkʰuan ioŋ latin (loma) pʰiŋim hetʰoŋ lai ɕa taiuan e gigiɛn e subin bund͡ʑi ‖ inui toŋt͡sɔ ɕi tʰuankausu ind͡ʑiʔlai e sɔi iaʔulaŋ ka pi o d͡ʑi kiot͡so kauhue lomad͡ʑi hiʔt͡ɕia ɕi kant͡ɕʰiŋ kaulo ‖ puʔd͡ʑiko hiɛntai e suioŋt͡ɕia bet͡ɕio m̩ɕi kautɔ kautɔ ma t͡ɕin t͡se behiau pi o d͡ʑi ‖]

Values

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Consonants

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Initials
Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless
Nasal m [m]
ㄇ 毛(moo)		 n [n]
ㄋ 耐(nāi)		 ng [ŋ]
ㄫ 雅(ngá)
Plosive Unaspirated p [p]
ㄅ 邊(pian) 		b [b]
ㆠ 文(bûn) 		t [t]
ㄉ 地(tē)		 k [k]
ㄍ 求(kiû) 		g [g]
ㆣ 語(gí)
Aspirated ph [pʰ]
ㄆ 波(pho)		 th [tʰ]
ㄊ 他(thann)		 kh [kʰ]
ㄎ 去(khì)
Affricate Unaspirated ts [ts]
ㄗ 曾(tsan) 		j [dz]
ㆡ 熱(jua̍h) 		tsi [tɕ]
ㄐ 尖(tsiam) 		ji [dʑ]
ㆢ 入(ji̍p)
Aspirated tsh [tsʰ]
ㄘ 出(tshut)		 tshi [tɕʰ]
ㄑ 手(tshiú)
Fricative s [s]
ㄙ 衫(sann)		 si [ɕ]
ㄒ 寫(siá)		 h [h]
ㄏ 喜(hí)
Lateral l [l] ~ [ɾ]
ㄌ 柳(liú)
Finals
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal consonant -m [m]
ㆬ		 -n [n]
ㄣ 		-ng [ŋ]
ㆭ
Stop consonant -p [p̚]
ㆴ		 -t [t̚]
ㆵ		 -k [k̚]
ㆶ		 -h [ʔ]
ㆷ
Syllabic consonant
Bilabial Velar
Nasal m [m̩]
ㆬ 姆(ḿ)		 ng [ŋ̍]
ㆭ 酸(sng)

Vowels & Rhymes

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Simple & Nasal
Front Central Back
Simple Nasal Simple Nasal Simple Nasal
Close i [i]
ㄧ 衣(i) 		inn [ĩ]
ㆪ 圓(înn)		 u [u]
ㄨ 污(u) 		unn [ũ]
ㆫ 張(tiunn)
Mid e [e]
ㆤ 禮(lé) 		enn [ẽ]
ㆥ 生(senn) 		o[ə]
ㄜ 高(ko)		 oo [ɔ]
ㆦ 烏(oo) 		onn [ɔ̃]
ㆧ 翁(onn)
Open a [a]
ㄚ 查(tsa) 		ann [ã]
ㆩ 衫(sann)
Dialect
Tâi-lô IPA Bopomofo
ir [ɨ] ㆨ
er [ə] ㄜ
ee [ɛ] ㄝ
ere [əe] ㄜㆤ[a]
Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive
[m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ]
[a] a ann am an ang ap at ak ah annh
[ai] ai ainn aih ainnh
[au] au auh
[e] e enn eh ennh
[i] i inn im in ing ip it ik ih innh
[ia] ia iann iam ian iang iap iat iak iah iannh
[iau] iau iaunn iauh
[iə] io ioh
[iɔ] iong iok
[iu] iu iunn iuh iunnh
Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive
[m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ]
[ə] o oh
[ɔ] oo onn om ong op ok ooh onnh
[u] u un ut uh
[ua] ua uann uan uat uah
[uai] uai uainn
[ue] ue ueh
[ui] ui
[m̩] m － mh
[ŋ̍] ng － ngh
  • ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

Tones

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Tone No. 1 2 (= 6) 3 4 5 7 8
Name 陰平 上聲 陰去 陰入 陽平 陽去 陽入
im-pîng siōng-siann im-khì im-ji̍p iông-pîng iông-khì iông-ji̍p
Symbol None Acute Grave None (-p, -t, -k, -h) Circumflex macron Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
◌ ◌́ ◌̀ ◌ ◌̂ ◌̄ ◌̍
Pitch ˥ ˥˩ ˧˩ ˧ʔ ˨˦ ˧ ˥ʔ
55 51 31 3ʔ 24 33 5ʔ
Example tong (東) tóng (黨) tòng (棟) tok (督) tông (同) tōng (洞) to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Computing

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The IETF language tags register nan-Latn-tailo for Tâi-lô text.[3]

Unicode codepoints

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The following are tone characters and their respective Unicode codepoints used in Tâi-lô. The tones used by Tâi-lô should use Combining Diacritical Marks instead of Spacing Modifier Letters used by bopomofo.[4][5] As Tâi-lô is not encoded in Big5, the prevalent encoding used in Traditional Chinese, some Taiwanese Romanization System letters are not directly encoded in Unicode, instead should be typed using combining diacritical marks officially.[6]

Tâi-lô tone characters[1]
Base letter/Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 Tone 5 Tone 6 Tone 7 Tone 8 Tone 9
Combining mark ́ (U+0301) ̀ (U+0300) h ̂ (U+0302) ̌ (U+030C) ̄ (U+0304) ̍h (U+030D) ̋ (U+030B)
Uppercase A Á (U+00C1) À (U+00C0) AH Â (U+00C2) Ǎ (U+01CD) Ā (U+0100) A̍H (U+0041 U+030D) A̋ (U+0041 U+030B)
E É (U+00C9) È (U+00C8) EH Ê (U+00CA) Ě (U+011A) Ē (U+0112) E̍H (U+0045 U+030D) E̋ (U+0045 U+030B)
I Í (U+00CD) Ì (U+00CC) IH Î (U+00CE) Ǐ (U+01CF) Ī (U+012A) I̍H (U+0049 U+030D) I̋ (U+0049 U+030B)
O Ó (U+00D3) Ò (U+00D2) OH Ô (U+00D4) Ǒ (U+01D1) Ō (U+014C) O̍H (U+004F U+030D) Ő (U+0150)
U Ú (U+00DA) Ù (U+00D9) UH Û (U+00DB) Ǔ (U+01D3) Ū (U+016A) U̍H (U+0055 U+030D) Ű (U+0170)
M Ḿ (U+1E3E) M̀ (U+004D U+0300) MH M̂ (U+004D U+0302) M̌ (U+004D U+030C) M̄ (U+004D U+0304) M̍H (U+004D U+030D) M̋ (U+004D U+030B)
N Ń (U+0143) Ǹ (U+01F8) NH N̂ (U+004E U+0302) Ň (U+0147) N̄ (U+004E U+0304) N̍H (U+004E U+030D) N̋ (U+004E U+030B)
Lowercase a á (U+00E1) à (U+00E0) ah â (U+00E2) ǎ (U+01CE) ā (U+0101) a̍h (U+0061 U+030D) a̋ (U+0061 U+030B)
e é (U+00E9) è (U+00E8) eh ê (U+00EA) ě (U+011B) ē (U+0113) e̍h (U+0065 U+030D) e̋ (U+0065 U+030B)
i í (U+00ED) ì (U+00EC) ih î (U+00EE) ǐ (U+01D0) ī (U+012B) i̍h (U+0069 U+030D) i̋ (U+0069 U+030B)
o ó (U+00F3) ò (U+00F2) oh ô (U+00F4) ǒ (U+01D2) ō (U+014D) o̍h (U+006F U+030D) ő (U+0151)
u ú (U+00FA) ù (U+00F9) uh û (U+00FB) ǔ (U+01D4) ū (U+016B) u̍h (U+0075 U+030D) ű (U+0171)
m ḿ (U+1E3F) m̀ (U+006D U+0300) mh m̂ (U+006D U+0302) m̌ (U+006D U+030C) m̄ (U+006D U+0304) m̍h (U+006D U+030D) m̋ (U+006D U+030B)
n ń (U+0144) ǹ (U+01F9) nh n̂ (U+006E U+0302) ň (U+0148) n̄ (U+006E U+0304) n̍h (U+006E U+030D) n̋ (U+006E U+030B)
Notes
1.^ Yellow cells indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.[5]

Characters not directly encoded in Unicode requires premade glyphs in fonts in order for applications to correctly display the characters.[5]

Font support

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Fonts that currently support POJ includes:

Notes

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  1. ^ In version of Ngoo Siu-le [zh], /ɘe/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ " is replaced with " ".

Words in native languages

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  1. ^

References

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  1. ^ "Táiwān Táiyǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn" 臺灣台語羅馬字拼音方案 [Taiwan Taiwanese Romanization Scheme] (PDF) (in Traditional Chinese). 2024-08-26 [2006-10-14]. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  2. ^ a b Táiwān Táiyǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn Shǐyòng Shǒucè 臺灣台語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 [User Manual for the Taiwan Taiwanese Romanization Scheme] (PDF) (in Traditional Chinese). Ministry of Education (Taiwan). August 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  3. ^ "Language Subtag Registry". Internet Enginnering Task Force. 2024-05-16. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  4. ^ aiongg (2020-11-22). "aiongg/POJFonts". GitHub - POJ Fonts. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  5. ^ a b c d Tseng Gorong (2019-01-11). "談金萱的台羅變音符號設計". justfont blog (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  6. ^ "FAQ - Characters and Combining Marks". unicode.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  7. ^ Iûⁿ (2009), p. 24
  8. ^ "Fonts version 3.006 (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2, Variable)". GitHub. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 2010-09-06. Archived from the original on 2020-12-24. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  9. ^ Iûⁿ, Ún-giân (2009). Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging (PhD). National Taiwan University. p. 20. OCLC 367595113.
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