Tell Beydar

Nabada was first settled during the Early Dynastic Period circa 2600 BC. By around 2500 BC a medium-sized independent city-state had developed. At that point, it became a provincial capital under the kingdom centered at Nagar, now Tell Brak. After the Jezirah region was conquered by the Akkadians, Nabada became an outpost of that empire. The city was then abandoned until re-occupied for a time circa 1400 BC by the Hurrians (Mitanni) and again in the Neo-Assyrian and Hellenistic periods.^[1]

The central site of Tell Beydar covers about 22 hectares. It has a circular walled central mound (7 hectares) with a circular walled lower town (Beydar I). This is referred to as a Kranzhügel or "cup-and-saucer" tell in archaeology. In the early part of the 3rd millennium BC both sections were occupied but from the middle of the millennium on only the central mound was occupied. A much later 50 ha (120-acre) Hurrian/Neo-Assyrian site lies at the base of the tell (Beydar II). At the top of the tell there is a Hellenistic settlement. A kilometer to the south there is a small Late Chalcolithic tell (Beydar III). Tell Beydar was excavated for 17 seasons, beginning in 1992 and ending in 2010, by a joint Syrian and European team made up of the European Centre for Upper Mesopotamian Studies and the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums of Syria.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]} There were also several restoration seasons. The team leads are Marc Lebeau and Antoine Suleiman.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} A number of other institutions, including the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago have also participated. Besides the architectural and pottery findings from the excavation, almost 250 early cuneiform tablets and fragments were recovered, dating from the Early Dynastic III period, roughly a generation before the fall of Ebla.^[13] The tablets are agricultural records for the most part, but do establish some synchronisms with Tell Brak. The language used in the tablets is a variant of the Akkadian language and the personal names referred to were Semitic. ^{[14] [15]} Small finds include a number of bronze (both tin and arsenical) objects.^[16] A number of clay sealings have also been recovered.^[17] Finds from Tell Beydar are on display in the Deir ez-Zor Museum.^[18]

• Cities of the ancient Near East
• Tell Chuera

• Peter M. M. G. Akkermans, Glenn M. Schwartz, "The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC)", Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-79666-0
• Bonechi, Marco, "Leopards, cauldrons, and a beautiful stone. Notes on some early Syrian texts from Tell Beydar and Ebla", in Semitic and Assyrio- logical Studies Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 75–96, 2003
• [10]Broekmans, T., A. Adriaens, and E. Pantos, "Analytical investigations of cooking pottery from Tell Beydar (NE-Syria)", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 226.1-2, pp. 92-97, 2004
• Rova, Elena, "Seal impressions on pottery in the Khabur Region in the IIIrd millennium BC: some new evidence from Tell Beydar", Baghdader Mitteilungen 37, pp. 295-312, 2006
• [11]De Ryck, Ivan, Emmanuel Pantos, and Annemie Adriaens, "Near Eastern ancient bronze objects from Tell Beydar (NE-Syria): Insights into their corrosion", Europhysics news 38.5, pp. 29-33, 2007
• Pruß, Alexander, and Walther Sallaberger, "Tierhaltung in Nabada / Tell Beydar Und Die Bilderwelt Der Terrakotten Als Spiegel von Wirtschaft Und Umwelt", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 50, pp. 293–307, 2003
• F. Ismail, W. Sallaberger, P. Talon, K. Van Lerberghe, "Administrative Documents from Tell Beydar, Seasons 1993-1995", Brepols Publishers, 1997 ISBN 2-503-50539-2
• L. Milano, W. Sallaberger, P. Talon, K. Van Lerberghe, "Third Millennium Cuneiform Texts from Tell Beydar, Seasons 1996-2002", Brepols Publishers, 2004, ISBN 2-503-51542-8
• K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet, "Tell Beydar: Environmental and Technical Studies", Brepols, 2001, ISBN 2-503-99121-1

• Tell Beydar excavation web site
• Oriental Institute Tell Beydar survey note from 97-98 season
• Oriental Institute Tell Beydar survey note from 98-99 season