Welding helmet

A welding helmet is a piece of personal protective equipment used by welders to protect the user from concentrated light and flying particles. Different welding processes need stronger lens shades with auto-darkening filters, while goggles suffice for others. OSHA and ANSI regulate this technology, defining shades based on the transmittance of light.

Purpose

Welding helmets are most commonly used in arc welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and gas metal arc welding. They are necessary to prevent arc eye, a painful condition where the cornea is inflamed. Welding helmets can also prevent retina burns, which can lead to a loss of vision. Both conditions are caused by unprotected exposure to the highly concentrated infrared and ultraviolet light emitted by the welding arc.^[1] Ultraviolet emissions from the welding arc can also damage uncovered skin (such as of the face and neck), causing a sunburn-like condition in a relatively short period of welding. In addition to the radiation, gases or splashes can also be a hazard to the skin and the eyes.^[2]

All welding helmets are susceptible to damages such as cracks that can compromise the protection from ultraviolet and infrared rays. In addition to protecting the eyes, the helmet protects the face from hot metal sparks generated by the arc and from UV damage. When overhead welding, a leather skull cap and shoulder cover are used to prevent head and shoulder burns.^[3]

Design

Most welding helmets include a window (visor) covered with a filter called a lens shade, through which the welder can see to work. The window may be made of tinted glass, tinted plastic, or a variable-density filter made from a pair of polarized lenses. Different lens shades are needed for different welding processes. For example, metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding are low-intensity processes, so a lighter lens shade will be preferred.

Oxyfuel welding goggles

Welding goggles are protective eyewear that has dark shading, meant to protect eyes from the bright light produced by oxyfuel welding and allied processes, and also from sparks and debris.^[4] Open electrical arcs (as created by arc welding and other processes) generate much higher amounts of light and UV radiation, requiring the whole face to be protected; most welding goggles do not have a dark enough shade for arc welding.

Speedglas welding helmet.

The modern welding helmet used today was first introduced in 1937 by Willson Products.^[5] In 1981, Swedish manufacturer Hornell International (now owned by 3M^[6]) introduced an LCD electronic shutter that darkens automatically when sensors detect the bright welding arc,^[7] the Speedglas Auto-Darkening Filter. With such electronic auto-darkening helmets, the welder no longer has to get ready to weld and then nod their head to lower the helmet over their face. The advantage is that the welder does not need to adjust the position of welding helmet manually, which not only saves time but also reduces the risk of exposure to the harmful light generated by the welding process.

Regulation

In the United States, the industry standard for welding helmets is ANSI Z87.1+, which specifies performance of a wide variety of eye protection devices. The standard requires that auto-darkening helmets provide full protection against both UV and IR even when they are not in the darkened state.^[7] The standard is voluntary, so buyers should confirm that the helmet is ANSI Z87.1 compliant (indicated by appropriate labeling).

United States OSHA requirements for welding helmets are derived from standards like ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting, section 7 (Protection of Personnel)^[8] and ANSI Z89.1 (Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection).^[9] OSHA also recommends certain shade numbers based on the weld's type and current rating.^[10]

The 1967 edition of ANSI Z49.1.7.2.2.10 specifies that "all filter lenses and plates shall meet the test for transmission of radiant energy prescribed in paragraph 6.3.4.6 of the Safety Code for Head, Eye and Respiratory Protection, USA Standard Z2.1-1959".^[8]

As of 2023, OSHA's website provides standards for minimum protective shades under standard 1910.133 (Eye and face protection), section (a)(5):^[11]

As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation.

Shades

Per ANSI Z87.1-2003,^[12]^: 42 "shade numbers" are derived as such:

Shade Number, $S$ , is related to luminous transmittance $T_{L}$ (expressed as a fraction, not as a percent) by the equation:

$S={\dfrac {7}{3}}log_{10}{\dfrac {1}{T_{L}}}+1$ ^[12]

$T_{L}$ is defined with respect to CIE Illuminant A (i.e a reference point for typical domestic incandescent lighting) and the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer.^[12]

The actual ANSI-specified shades are not specific numbers, but ranges; each has a designated maximum, minimum, and nominal transmittance value. Moreover, acceptable transmittance values for far ultraviolet are far lower than those for the Illuminant A light ("shall be less than one tenth of the minimum allowable luminous transmittance").^[12]

Transmittance values

While ANSI shades are ranges based on a specific illuminant, and do not directly convert into other measurements of transmittance, the following table gives a rough approximation (in terms of neutral density filter numbers and f-stops).

Notation				Lens area opening, as fraction of the complete lens	f-stop reduction (approx.)	ANSI shade (approx.)^[13]	Fractional transmittance
Optical density	ND1number	ND.number	NDnumber	Lens area opening, as fraction of the complete lens	f-stop reduction (approx.)	ANSI shade (approx.)^[13]	Fractional transmittance
0.0				1	0	—	100%	1
0.3	ND 101	ND 0.3	ND2	1/2	1	1.7	50%	0.5
0.6	ND 102	ND 0.6	ND4	1/4	2	2.4	25%	0.25
0.9	ND 103	ND 0.9	ND8	1/8	3	3.11	12.5%	0.125
1.0		ND 1.0	ND10	1/10	≈ 3+1⁄3	3.33	10 %	0.10
1.2	ND 104	ND 1.2	ND16	1/16	4	3.81	6.25%	0.0625
1.5	ND 105	ND 1.5	ND32	1/32	5	4.51	3.125%	0.03125
1.8	ND 106	ND 1.8	ND64	1/64	6	5.21	1.563%	0.015625
2.0		ND 2.0	ND100	1/100	≈ 6+2⁄3	5.67	1%	0.01
2.1	ND 107	ND 2.1	ND128	1/128	7	5.92	0.781%	0.0078125
2.4	ND 108	ND 2.4	ND256	1/256	8	6.62	0.391%	0.00390625
2.6			ND400	1/400	≈ 8+2⁄3	7.07	0.25%	0.0025
2.7	ND 109	ND 2.7	ND512	1/512	9	7.32	0.195%	0.001953125
3.0	ND 110	ND 3.0	ND1024 (also called ND1000)	1/1024	10	8.00	0.1%	0.001
3.3	ND 111	ND 3.3	ND2048	1/2048	11	8.72	0.049%	0.00048828125
3.6	ND 112	ND 3.6	ND4096	1/4096	12	9.45	0.024%	0.000244140625
3.8		ND 3.8	ND6310	1/6310	≈ 12+2⁄3	9.86	0.016%	0.000158489319246
3.9	ND 113	ND 3.9	ND8192	1/8192	13	10.15	0.012%	0.0001220703125
4.0		ND 4.0	ND10000	1/10000	≈ 13+1⁄3	10.33	0.01%	0.0001
5.0		ND 5.0	ND100000	1/100000	≈ 16+2⁄3	12.67	0.001%	0.00001

Note: Hoya, B+W, Cokin use code ND2 or ND2x, etc.; Lee, Tiffen use code 0.3ND, etc.; Leica uses code 1×, 4×, 8×, etc.^[14]
Note: ND 3.8 is the correct value for solar CCD exposure without risk of electronic damage.^{[citation needed]}
Note: ND 5.0 is the minimum for direct eye solar observation without damage of retina. A further check must be performed for the particular filter used, checking on the spectrogram that also UV and IR are mitigated with the same value.^{[citation needed]}
Note: ANSI shades are defined by standard as ranges with central values. They are here approximated using the equation from ANSI Z87.1, $S={\dfrac {7}{3}}log_{10}{\dfrac {1}{T_{L}}}+1$ , which bases luminous transmittance ( $T_{L}$ ) on CIE Illuminant A; ANSI shade numbers have much lower limits for ultraviolet transmittance.^[13]

Notes

^ Elvex Safety Products How Light Affects the Eye
^ "Testbericht zur Automatik-Schweißmaske Speedglas 100 von 3M". Testberichte für Testsieger (in German). 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2017-01-29.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Miller, Mark R. (2007), Welding Licensing Exam Study Guide, McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 5, ISBN 978-0-07-149376-5.
^ Finch, Richard (2007). Welder's Handbook: A guide to plasma cutting, oxyacetylene, ARC, MIG and TIG (Revised ed.). HP Trade. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-55788-513-5. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ "One Piece Helmet Cut To Protect The Welder Popular Mechanics, August 1937 -- bottom-left of page 217
^ "3M to Acquire Hornell International: Expands Safety Products Line". 3M News - United States.
^ ^a ^b "Technische Entwicklung automatischer Schweißerschutzfilter". Testberichte für Testsieger (in German). 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b "ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting" (3 ed.). American National Standards Institute. 1967.
^ "ANSI Z89.1 Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection" (3 ed.). American National Standards Institute. 1969. p. 14.
^ U.S. Department of Labor (2012). "Eye Protection against Radiant Energy during Welding and Cutting in Shipyard Employment" (PDF). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
^ "1910.133 - Eye and face protection". United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d American National Standards Institute; American Society of Safety Engineers (2003). "ANSI Z87.1-2003: Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, 29".
^ ^a ^b American National Standards Institute; American Society of Safety Engineers (2003). "ANSI Z87.1-2003: Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, 29".
^ "CAMERA LENS FILTERS". Retrieved June 12, 2014.