1904 Nobel Prize in Literature

1904 Nobel Prize in Literature
José Echegaray Eizaguirre and Frédéric Mistral
Echegaray "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama," and Mistral "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist."
Date	6 October 1904 (announcement) 10 December 1904 (ceremony)
Location	Stockholm, Sweden
Presented by	Swedish Academy
First awarded	1901
Website	Official website
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The 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature was the fourth literary prize resulting from Alfred Nobel's will. It was equally divided between the French Provençal philologist Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914) "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist" and the Spanish engineer and dramatist José Echegaray Eizaguirre (1832–1916) "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama." The winners were announced in October 1904 by Carl David af Wirsén, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy.^[1]

It was the first of the four occasions (1917, 1966, and 1974) when the Nobel Prize in Literature has been shared between two individuals.^[2]

Mistral’s passion for poetry was sparked by one of his teachers, the Provençal poet Joseph Roumanille. He spent many years compiling Trésor dóu Félibrige, a dictionary of the Provençal language published by the Felibrige literary society, which he founded himself. His most important work, Mirèio, was published in 1859, the result of eight years of work.^[3] He also authored Lou Tresor dóu Félibrige (1878–1886), which to date remains the most comprehensive dictionary of the Occitan language, and one of the most reliable, thanks to the precision of its definitions. It is a bilingual dictionary, Occitan-French, in two large volumes, with all of the dialects of oc, including Provençal. Mistral owes to François Vidal the work of typesetting and revising that dictionary.

Echegaray’s literary debut took place relatively late, in 1874 when he was 42 years old. He subsequently had a productive career, publishing an average of two plays a year for the rest of his life. A mathematician, engineer and administrator, he built his plays with the same regard for exactitude and duty that inspired his public life. Conflicts involving duty are at the heart of most of his plays, and he upheld the idea with uncompromising severity. His exalted romanticism is apparent in his choice of subjects.^[4] His most famous plays include El gran Galeoto (adapted into a silent film entitled "The World and His Wife"), La esposa del vengador ("The Avenger's Wife", 1874), and Conflicto entre dos deberes ("Conflict of Two Duties", 1882). He also extensively wrote 25 to 30 mathematical physics volumes.^[4]

For the 1904 prize, the Swedish Academy received 29 nominations for 21 writers.^[5] Among the nominees were Albert Sorel, Anatole France (awarded later in 1921), Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Rudyard Kipling (awarded in 1907), and Henryk Sienkiewicz (awarded later in 1905). Two of the nominees were women, Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf (awarded later in 1909) and French actress Émilie Lerou.

The authors Edwin Arnold, Anton Chekhov, Kate Chopin, Karl Emil Franzos, Lafcadio Hearn, Theodor Herzl, Wilhelm Jordan, Mór Jókai, Antonio Labriola, Dumitru Theodor Neculuță, Auguste Molinier, Larin Paraske, Ștefan Petică, Abai Qunanbaiuly, Samuel Smiles, Leslie Stephen, Hans von Hopfen, and Jose Clemente Zulueta died in 1904 without having been nominated for the prize.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize

No.	Nominee	Country	Genre(s)	Nominator(s)
1	Demetrios Bernardakis (1833–1907)	Greece	drama, history, essays	Athanasios Vernardakis (1848–1925)[a]
2	Georg Brandes (1842–1927)	Denmark	literary criticism, essays	Troels Frederik Lund (1840–1921)
3	William Chapman[b] (1850–1917)	Canada	poetry, translation	François Lhomme (1846–1929)
4	Robert Langton Douglas[c] (1864–1951)	Great Britain	history, essays	William Mitchell (1861–1962) Samuel Way (1836–1916)
5	José Echegaray Eizaguirre (1832–1916)	Spain	drama	Daniel de Cortázar Larrubia (1844–1927)[d]
6	Anatole France (1844–1924)	France	poetry, essays, drama, novel, literary criticism	Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907)
7	Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906)	Norway	drama	Jakob Minor (1855–1912)
8	Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936)	Great Britain	short story, novel, poetry	Edwin Arnold (1832–1904)[e]
9	Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940)	Sweden	novel, short story	Harald Hjärne (1848–1922)
10	Émilie Lerou[f] (1855–1935)	France	novel, memoirs, drama	Jules Claretie (1840–1913)
11	Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949)	Belgium	drama, poetry, essays	Paul Thomas (1852–1937)[g]
12	George Meredith (1828–1909)	Great Britain	novel, poetry	3 members of the Incorporated Society of Authors
13	Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914)	France	poetry, philology	Per Geijer (1886–1976) Carl Wahlund (1846–1913)
14	John Morley[h] (1838–1923)	Great Britain	biography, literary criticism, essays	John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (1858–1929) John Mounteney Lely (1839–1907)
15	Lewis Morris[i] (1833–1907)	Great Britain	poetry, songwriting, essays	Herbert Warren (1853–1930) John Rhys (1840–1915) Thomas Fowler (1832–1904)
16	Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916)	Russia ( Poland)	novel	Harald Hjärne (1848–1922)
17	Albert Sorel[j] (1842–1906)	France	history, essays	Gabriel Hanotaux (1853–1944)
18	Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909)	Great Britain	poetry, drama, literary criticism, novel	Arnold Francke (1855–1905) 39 members of the Incorporated Society of Authors
19	Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)	Russia	novel, short story, drama, poetry	Albert Sorel (1842–1906) Ludovic Halévy (1837–1908)
20	Jaroslav Vrchlický (1853–1912)	Austria–Hungary ( Czechoslovakia)	poetry, drama, translation	Arnošt Kraus (1859–1943)[k] Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz (1835–1908)
21	Theodor Zahn[l] (1838–1933)	Germany	theology, essays	Lars Dahle (1843–1925)

It was later revealed that the Swedish Academy's official justification for a shared prize is not supported by how the Academy actually made their decision. The shared prize was in fact a compromise solution, caused by certain incompetence by the Nobel committee during the process.^{[citation needed]} The shortlist consisted of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Frédéric Mistral and José Echegaray.^{[citation needed]} During the committee's deliberations, Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis was hailed as a masterpiece, but was passed over to the following year.^{[citation needed]} Mistral, being shortlisted, appealed the committee because of his Provençal dialect, but the committee chairman Carl David af Wirsén was uncertain about the poor quality of translations of Mistral's works by committee member Rupert Nyblom, especially on his masterpiece Mirèio. Carl David af Wirsén was worried about the reputation of the committee and proposed withdrawing Mistral's candidacy and opting for Echegaray instead. After failing to get major approval and only find fifty per cent support for this proposal, the committee decided to share the prize, as a compromise choice, between the two men.^{[7][page needed][8][page needed]}

There was an uproar in the press in Spain and Italy, as Spain thought Benito Pérez Galdós – one of Europe's greatest living novelists at the time – would get the prize, same as Italians felt when they found that their national poet Giosuè Carducci was not recognized.^{[8][page needed]}

At the award ceremony in December 10, 1904, af Wirsén said:

"The Academy has thought particularly of two authors who would both have been worthy of the whole Nobel Prize. Both have attained the final limits not only of the poetic art, but even of human life; one is seventy-four years old, the other two years younger. Therefore the Academy believes it should not wait longer to confer on them a distinction they both equally merit, although from different points of view, and it has awarded half the annual Prize to each. If the material value of the award is thus diminished for each of the laureates, the Academy nonetheless wishes to state publicly that, in this particular case, it considers each of these two Prizes as the equivalent of the whole Prize."^[9]

Echegaray was not able to partake in nobel banquet and the awarding ceremony in Stockholm due to health conditions.^[9]

• Award ceremony speech by C.D. af Wirsén nobelprize.org