1987 Indonesian legislative election

1987 Indonesian legislative election

← 1982 23 April 1987 1992 →
400 of the 500 seats in the House of Representatives 201 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party Third party   Leader Sudharmono Jailani Naro Suryadi Party Golkar PPP PDI Last election 64.34%, 242 seats 27.78%, 94 seats 7.88%, 24 seats Seats won 299 61 40 Seat change 57 33 16 Popular vote 62,783,680 13,701,428 9,384,708 Percentage 73.11% 15.96% 10.93% Swing 8.77pp 11.82pp 3.05pp
Results of the election by regency Results of the overseas elections      Golkar      PPP
Speaker before election Amir Machmud Golkar Elected Speaker Kharis Suhud Golkar

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Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 23 April 1987, to elect 400 of the 500 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR), the national legislature.^[a] The election was the fifth legislative election in the country since independence and the fourth legislative election under President Suharto's New Order. The election resulted in an outright majority for Golkar, which retained its status as the ruling party of the country.

According to the General Elections Institution, the election campaign began on 24 March and ended on 18 April, with a four-day election silence up until election day on 22 April. In addition, the New Order regime also implemented a number of regulations which benefited Golkar. These include a ban on the formation of party branches below the provincial level, a reduction in the campaign period (from 45 to 25 days), and a ban on criticism of government policies.

Golkar, like in all other elections during the New Order, won an outright majority of the vote, defeating both opposition parties, and retaining its status as the ruling political party. It increased its share of votes from 64.34% to 73.11%, and its share of seats increasing from 242 seats to 299 seats. The result for the opposition was mixed. While the United Development Party (PPP) saw both its share of votes and share of seats decline, from 27.78% to just 15.96% and from 94 to 61 seats; The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) had their best showing up until that point, as it increased its performance by 16 seats, and 3.05% of the popular vote.

In the elections of 1977 and 1982, the notionally Islamic United Development Party (PPP) had seen a steady increase in its share of the vote, despite the New Order government's restrictions on political activity. It managed to position itself as the party of the "little people." In 1984, with the agreement of the government, under the leadership of Abdurrahman Wahid, the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) left the PPP, which it had been forced to join under the 1973 fusion of the Islamic parties.^[1]

Later that year, the government obliged all political parties to adopt the state philosophy Pancasila as their ideological basis. In 1985 the PPP was pressured to change the party symbol from the Kaaba, the building at the center of the al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, to the star from the official symbol for Pancasila.^[2]

In 1987, the NU leadership declared that its members and supporters were "not obliged to vote for the PPP, and not forbidden to vote for Golkar". This had the effect of increasing the influence of the NU, which had been much diminished within the PPP.^[1][3]

The priority of Golkar was to secure a majority of the popular vote in the devoutly Islamic province of Aceh, the only province apart from Jakarta where it had failed to do so in 1982.^[5][6] In order to achieve this, Golkar made use of two civil servants to run its financial campaign: the managing director of state-owned oil company Pertamina and the head of the state-owned logistics agency BULOG. Local companies, much more heavily dependent on government contracts then in the past, were the biggest donors. However, the crucial factor for Golkar was the political leadership of Aceh governor Ibrahim Hasan, an economist who managed to unite the traditional and modern aspirations of the Acehnese people. He traveled around the province telling people that a Golkar victory would bring about material development without sacrificing traditional values.^[7]

In the final days of the campaign, thousands of young supporters of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) paraded in Jakarta carrying portraits of former president Sukarno. In their eyes, the anti-Western Sukarno was associated with the Indonesian National Party (PNI), one of the parties forced to fuse into the PDI in 1973, and was therefore a clear symbol of opposition to the pro-Western New Order. During the campaign, the PDI had tried to take a stand against corruption and economic inequality.^[8]

The government of Indonesia had arranged a campaign for the government-appointed central board of the political parties to speak publicly in the television and radio. The broadcasting rights for this digital campaign were held by the TVRI for the televised campaigns, and the RRI for the radio campaigns. The recording of the campaign was held in the respective studios. Only national and private radios and television were allowed relay the campaign on the whole, while individual and organizational radios and television were not permitted to relay the campaign.^[9]

As a result of the withdrawal of the NU, the PPP lost more than 40% of its 1982 vote, with Golkar seeing the most benefit.^[6] The PPP vote fell in 24 or the 27 provinces.^[12] The PDI share of the vote rose by 3%, with its share up by more than a third over 1982. Most of the increases came in western Java, and in Jakarta, the PDI's vote rose to 28.8% from 15.8% in 1982. With the conflicts with the PPP following the departure of the NU, voting for the PDI was the only way of registering a protest against the domination by the military-bureaucracy of the political system.^[8] Golkar, meanwhile, achieved its aim in Aceh, and for the first time won an absolute majority of the vote in Jakarta and every other province of Indonesia. This would be the case for every election until the 1998 collapse of the New Order.^[6]

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Golkar	62,783,680	73.11	299	+57
	United Development Party	13,701,428	15.96	61	–33
	Indonesian Democratic Party	9,384,708	10.93	40	+16
Total		85,869,816	100.00	400	+40
Registered voters/turnout		93,965,953	–
Source: Nohlen et al.[13]

After the election the next item on the political agenda was the election of the president and vice-president by the People's Consultative Assembly. The reelection of 66-year-old Suharto was a foregone conclusion given he appointed half the membership of the assembly as well as controlling the elected Golkar members and the unelected delegates from the Armed Forces. This added up to 80% of the membership. The only question was who would Suharto appoint as vice president. Eventually the post went to Golkar chairman and State Secretary/Minister Sudharmono. In March 1988 the two men were formally elected and inaugurated for the 1988–1993 term.^[14]

1988 Indonesian presidential election

← 1983 10–11 March 1988 1993 →
Presidential election
10 March 1988
649 members of the People's Consultative Assembly 433 votes needed to win
Turnout	93.07%
Candidate Suharto Party Golkar Electoral vote 649 Percentage 100.00%
Votes of the People's Consultative Assembly   Suharto: 649
President before election Suharto Golkar Elected President Suharto Golkar
Vice-presidential election
11 March 1988
649 members of the People's Consultative Assembly 433 votes needed to win
Turnout	100.00%
Candidate Sudharmono Party Golkar Electoral vote 649 Percentage 100.00%
Votes of the People's Consultative Assembly   Sudharmono: 649
Vice President before election Umar Wirahadikusumah Golkar Elected Vice President Sudharmono Golkar

Traditionally, Golkar as the faction with the most seats in the People's Consultative Assembly since 1971 nominated Suharto as a presidential candidate. As a result, Suharto retained his seat of power and was inaugurated on March 10, 1988.

Golkar, which had strengthened again after the 1987 election, made the 1988 MPR General Session re-elect Suharto as president of the Republic of Indonesia. This was certain because Golkar, the party supported by the government, won a landslide victory. This victory certainly had an impact on the results of the 1988 MPR RI General Session.

After Soeharto became president, there was a debate about who would be Vice President. One of the strong candidates was Soedharmono with Jaelani Naro. However, the one chosen as Vice President of Indonesia was Soedharmono. This ended the debate about the Vice President between Soedharmono or Jaelani Naro. It turned out that the MPR chose Soedharmono.