Diogenes of Oenoanda

Diogenes of Oenoanda (Ancient Greek: Διογένης ὁ Οἰνοανδεύς) was an Epicurean Greek from the 2nd century AD who carved a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus onto a portico wall in the ancient Greek city of Oenoanda in Lycia (modern day southwest Turkey). The surviving fragments of the wall, originally extended about 80 meters, form an important source of Epicurean philosophy. The inscription, written in Greek, sets out Epicurus' teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics. It was originally about 25,000 words long and filled 260 square meters of wall space. Less than a third of it has been recovered.

Nothing is known about the life of Diogenes apart from the limited information he reveals to us. The inscription itself, which had been dated to the late 2nd century,^[1] has now been assigned on epigraphic grounds to the Hadrianic period, 117–138 AD.^[2] Diogenes was wealthy enough to acquire a large tract of land in the city of Oenoanda to construct (or possibly buy) a piazza to display his inscription. As a man who had found peace by practicing the doctrines of Epicurus, he tells us that in his old age he was motivated "to help also those who come after us" and "to place therefore the remedies of salvation by means of this porch."^[3]

Diogenes constructed a rectangular piazza surrounded by a portico, and furnished with statues.^[3] On one of the smaller sides he placed a portal, with perhaps his mausoleum on the opposite side. On the two larger sides he inscribed a lengthy account of Epicurean doctrines.^[3] The inscription was 2.37 meters high,^[4] and extended about 80 meters. It was originally about 25 000 words long and filled about 260 square metres of wall space.^[5] It was discovered in 1884, and the first 64 fragments were published in 1892. Since then, more fragments have been discovered, notably in a series of excavations led by Martin Ferguson Smith.^[4] Perhaps a quarter of the inscription has been recovered.^[4] New parts are being discovered in the excavations of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut;^[6] among the parts discovered in 2008 was a statement on Plato's theory of cosmogony.^[7]

The inscription contains three treatises written by Diogenes as well as various letters and maxims:

• A Treatise on Ethics, which describes how pleasure is the end of life; how virtue is a means to achieve it; and explains how to achieve the happy life.^[8]
• A Treatise on Physics, which has many parallels with Lucretius, and includes discussions on dreams,^[9] the gods, and contains an account of the origin of humans and the invention of clothing, speech and writing.^[10]
• A Treatise on Old Age, which appears to have defended old age against the jibes of the young, although little of this treatise survives.^[9]
• Letters from Diogenes to his friends, which includes a letter addressed to a certain Antipater concerning the Epicurean doctrine of innumerable worlds.^[8]
• Epicurean maxims, a collection of the sayings of Epicurus and other eminent Epicureans, which was appended to the end of the treatise on ethics.^[11]
• Letters of Epicurus, which includes a letter to Epicurus' mother on the subject of dreams.^[9]

Jürgen Hammerstaedt, philologist from the University of Cologne, and epigrapher Martin Ferguson Smith, have translated some of the fragments discovered in Oenoanda. "He was a remarkable man and a cosmopolitan man," says Hammerstaedt, commenting upon a quote from Smith's translation of a passage in which Diogenes declares that he set up the inscription: "Not least for those who are called foreigners, for they are not foreigners. For, while the various segments of the Earth give different people a different country, the whole compass of this world gives all people a single country, the entire Earth, and a single home, the world."^[12]

• Morford, Mark P. O. (2002), The Roman Philosophers: From the Time of Cato the Censor to the Death of Marcus Aurelius, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-18852-0
• Powell, John Undershell; Barber, Eric Arthur (1921), New Chapters in the History of Greek Literature: Recent Discoveries in Greek Poetry and Prose of the Fourth and Following Centuries BC, Clarendon Press digitized
• Reale, Giovanni (1990), A History of Ancient Philosophy: The Schools of the Imperial Age, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-0129-4
• Smith, Martin Ferguson (1996), The philosophical inscription of Diogenes of Oinoanda, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, ISBN 3-7001-2596-8
• Smith, Martin Ferguson (2001), Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, Hackett, ISBN 0-87220-587-8

• Blackwood, Stephen (2006). "Songs of Salvation: Diogenes of Oinoanda and Epicurean Hymnody". Pagani e Cristiani alla Ricerca della Salvezza (Secoli I-III), Studia Ephemeridis Augustinianum. Vol. 96. Rome: Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum (XXXIV Incontro di Studiosi dell’Antichità Cristiana). pp. 379–394. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
• Clay, Diskin. The Philosophical Inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda: New Discoveries 1969-1983. edited by W. Haase (1990) 2446–2560 with 10 Plates and Index. (Berlin and New York)
• Clay, Diskin. "Sailing to Lampsacus: Diogenes of Oenoanda, New Fragment 7". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 14 (1973) 49–59. (reprinted as Chapter 11 of Paradosis and Survival,1998)
• Gordon, Pamela. (1996), Epicurus in Lycia: The Second-century World of Diogenes of Oenoanda. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10461-6
• Smith, Martin Ferguson. (1996), The philosophical inscription of Diogenes of Oinoanda. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-2596-8
• Smith, Martin Ferguson. (2003), Supplement to Diogenes of Oinoanda The Epicurean Inscription. Bibliopolis. ISBN 88-7088-441-4
• Vassallo, Christian. (2021), The Presocratics at Herculaneum: A Study of Early Greek Philosophy in the Epicurean Tradition. With an Appendix on Diogenes of Oinoanda's Criticism of Presocratic Philosophy. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 97-8311-072-698-5

• Oinoanda and the biggest inscription of the ancient world - Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
• Photos of surviving fragments of the wall Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
• The Epicurean Inscription (Abridged) - Translated by Martin Ferguson Smith
• Diogenes of Oenoanda The Epicurean Inscription - Site devoted to Diogenes of Oenoanda and Epicurean philosophy.