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English Benedictine Congregation

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English Benedictine Congregation
AbbreviationPost-nominal letters O.S.B.
NicknameEBC
Formation1216
TypeBenedictines
HeadquartersEngland
Region served
Australia, Ireland, Peru, Sweden, UK, United States, Zimbabwe
Members19 monastic communities; 268 monks and nuns (2022 figures)
Abbot President
Christopher Jamison
Parent organization
Roman Catholic Church; Order of St Benedict; Benedictine Confederation
Websitewww.benedictines.org.uk Edit this at Wikidata

The English Benedictine Congregation (EBC) is a congregation of autonomous abbatial and prioral monastic communities of Catholic Benedictine monks, nuns, and lay oblates. It is technically the oldest of the nineteen congregations affiliated to the Benedictine Confederation.

History

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The English Benedictine Congregation was erected by the Holy See in 1216 as a means of uniting the great ancient English Benedictine abbeys under a common framework and held its first General Chapter in Oxford in 1218.[1] The roots of English Benedictine monasticism however go back much further and can be dated to the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and the communities established by Wilfrid and Benedict Biscop in the 6th and 7th centuries. As such the Benedictines are the oldest surviving religious order in the British Isles, were crucial in the conversion of their people to Christianity, and have impacted the character English Christianity, even its Protestant forms.

From 1534-1540 all of the congregations houses were violently suppressed during Henry VIII's Dissolution. The congregation as it exists to day is the result of Pope Paul V's 1619 unification of two groups of English Benedictines, a group of continental houses for exiles founded in the early 17th century and a group of about 8 monks who had been aggregated to the ancient English Congregation by Dom Sigebert Buckley, the last surviving monk of Westminster Abbey, in 1607.

Pre-dissolution Congregation

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The pre-dissolution communities of England were the product of the 10th-century English Benedictine Reform of Dunstan and the monastic principles laid down in the Regularis Concordia.[2] They could claim a material continuity with the first English Benedictine communities founded by Augustine and his companions in the Gregorian mission of the 6th century; and the many great Anglo Saxon Benedictine saints and foundations such as Ethelreda and Sexburga of Ely Abbey, Erkenwald of Chertsey Abbey, Ethelburga of Barking Abbey, and Mildred of Minster in Thanet Priory. The congregation also claimed a moral continuity with Benedict Biscop, Wilfrid, Bede, and their communities in spite of the material link being broken by the Viking invasions.

The 13th-century congregation and the ancient traditions of English Benedictine life completely ceased to exist at the dissolution of the monasteries under King Henry VIII 1535–1540. Like all the professed monastic, canonical, and mendicant religious at the time of the Henrician dissolution, English Benedictine priests or scholars were assumed into the reformed secular clergy of the Church of England if they assented to the Supremacy. Other priests, lay brethren, and nuns of the congregation were pensioned off if aged, sought lay employment or marriage accepting effective laicisation, were left to vagrancy, or went into exile in the Abbeys of continental Europe if they wished to maintain conventual observances, or lived as covert eremites in England. A relative few were martyred, with some monks tortured to death by being Hanged, drawn and quartered, some in provocative locations like their own Abbeys and associated holy sites or in the place where common criminals were executed on their abbatial estates. These included three beatified abbots and the brethren of their communities who died with them; the last Abbot of Glastonbury Richard Whiting, executed on The Tor with fellow Glastonbury monks John Thorne, and Roger James; the last Abbot of Reading Hugh Faringdon, executed in the inner courtyard of his Abbey with fellow Reading monks John Eynon, and John Rugg; and the last Abbot of Colchester John Beche, executed in a common hanging place on his monastic lands.[3]

Post-dissolution Congregation

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Mary I briefly restored Westminster Abbey to 14 English Benedictine monks, professed either in pre-dissolution or continental houses, under Abbot John Feckenham of Evesham Abbey on the feast of the Presentation of Mary (21 November) in 1556 and they admitted a small number of new brethren to profession. This very modest revival was again suppressed on 12 July 1560 under the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.[4]

During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I English exiles with monastic vocations joined houses of the Cassinese Congregation in France, Spain, and Italy. The present congregation was established by English Catholic expatriates in France and the Low Countries at the start of the 17th century encouraged by the Holy See.[5]

Formal reestablishment

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As more rampant persecution emerged in reprisal to the 1605 Gunpowder Plot and fearing the congregation would die with him the last of the Westminster monks professed under Abbot Feckenham, the aged Dom Sigebert Buckley O.S.B, "aggregated" Doms Robert Sadler and Edward Mayhew O.S.B, two English monks, priests, and missionaries of the Abbey of Santa Giustina, Padua, and four other lay brothers and oblates to the near-extinct Chapter of Westminster (and thereby the English Benedictine Congregation) on 21 November 1607. The Deed of Aggregation was an unofficial, clandestine affair, treasonable under English law and without prior papal consent, with only Buckley, Sadler, and Mayhew personally present. The Deed was later ratified by Pope Paul V's in the papal brief Cum Sicut Accepimus (24 December 1612).[6]

In 1619 the 4 extant male Priories of exiled English speaking monks (Douai English priory, forerunner to the Downside, Ealing, and Worth communities; Dieulouard English Priory, forerunner to the Ampleforth community; St Edmunds Priory Paris, forerunner to the Douai community; and the extinct Priory of Saint-Malo) were united by another brief of Paul V, Ex Incumbenti. The documents issued in Paul's papacy were further ratified by a bull issued 12 July 1633 by Pope Urban VIII titled Plantata.[7] The EBC's claim of continuity thus depends entirely on the 1607 Deed of Aggregation and the briefs of 1612 and 1619, not on any direct line of continuity with regular conventual English Benedictine life prior to the Dissolution. The present congregation owes its original spiritual identity primarily to the Spanish Cassinese communities its monks were formed in, the dangerous situation of persecution, the need for priestly and catechetical workers in the English mission, and the general climate of Tridentine monastic reform.[8]

English Benedictine houses in exile

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In 1598 Lady Mary Percy O.S.B established the first religious community for English exiles under the Rule of St Benedict for nuns at Brussels from which sprang a number of daughter houses, which together with the mother house returned to England during the French Revolution. These communities were the Brussels mother house, later East Bergholt Abbey; the Ghent community, later Oulton Abbey, founded 1624; the Dunkirk community, later Teignmouth Abbey, founded 1662; and the Ypres community, Kylemore Abbey, founded 1665.[9] The Abbeys of the Percy tradition remained unaffiliated from any Benedictine congregation including the EBC until Kylemore aggregated in 2020 however Dames from the Brussels and Ghent were involved of the 1623 EBC convent at Cambrai.

In 1607 a Priory dedicated to St Gregory the Great, the first monastic community for exiled English Benedictine monks (ancestor of Downside Abbey and its daughter houses Ealing Abbey and Worth Abbey) was established at Douai in Flanders by John Roberts and other English monks from Spanish monasteries, particularly the Royal Abbey of San Benito, Valladolid.[10] In 1608 another community (ancestor of Ampleforth Abbey) was established in the disused collegiate church of Dieulouard, dedicated to St Laurence of Rome, in the Duchy of Lorraine (modern France). Two further houses in the Kingdom of France followed, the first in 1611 at Saint-Malo in Brittany, and the second in 1615 in Paris founded by Dom Gabriel Gifford O.S.B (ancestor of today's Douai Abbey) as a daughter house of St Laurence Priory, Dieulouard dedicated to St Edmund the Martyr King. In in 1632 the Paris community settled on the Rue Saint-Jacques where King James II was later buried in the Chapel of St Edmund. The final community for monks was established in a disused collegiate church dedicated St Adrian and St Denis, Lamspringe Abbey (ancestor of Fort Augustus Abbey), in Upper Saxony in what is now Germany.

The missionary work of the EBC monks among the recusant Catholics in England began to attract women to the monastic life and 8 postulants travelled to Flanders with Dom Benet Jones lead by Gertrude More, great-great granddaughter to St Thomas More, settling near Douai. The community was established in 1623 at Cambrai and dedicated to Our Lady of Consolation (ancestor of Stanbrook Abbey). By 1645 the Cambrai community under Abbess Catherine Gascoigne had increased to 50 nuns, and was living in conditions of extreme poverty. On 6 February 1652, a new priory was established in Paris dedicated to Our Lady of Good Hope with Dame Bridget More as Prioress (ancestor of Colwich Abbey).[11]

Sexual abuse scandal

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Main article: Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation

The sexual abuse scandal in the EBC around the turn of the 21st century was a significant episode in a series of Catholic sex abuse cases in the United Kingdom. The events concerned ranged from the 1960s to the 2010s, and led to a number of EBC monks being laicized, convicted and imprisoned for the sexual abuse of children and vulnerable adults.

Structure and membership

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Every four years the General Chapter of the EBC elects an Abbot or Abbess President from among the ruling and former ruling abbots and abbesses of the houses of the congregation. He or she is assisted by a number of officials, and periodically undertakes a Visitation of the individual houses. The purpose of the Visitation is the preservation, strengthening and renewal of the religious life, including the laws of the Church and the Constitutions of the congregation. The President may require by Acts of Visitation, that particular points in the Rule, the Constitutions and the law of the Church be observed.[12]

The current Abbot President is Abbot Christopher Jamison, former Abbot of Worth Abbey.[13][14]

In 2020 the EBC had houses in the United Kingdom, the United States, Peru, and Zimbabwe. In 2022, three communities of nuns – Kylemore Abbey (Ireland), Mariavall Abbey (Sweden) and Jamberoo Abbey (Australia) – were accepted into the EBC,[15] bringing the number of houses and communities to 17.

Membership Numbers

In 2022, membership of the constituent houses was as follows.[16]

House Bishops Monks Nuns Novices
Downside Abbey 0 14 0 0
Ampleforth Abbey 0 45 0 0
Douai Abbey 0 21 0 0
Stanbrook Abbey 0 0 23 0
Belmont Abbey 1 27 0 4
Curzon Park Abbey 0 0 5 0
Ealing Abbey 0 9 0 0
Buckfast Abbey 0 8 0 0
Saint Anselm's Abbey 0 12 0 1
Worth Abbey 0 19 0 0
Portsmouth Abbey 0 12 0 0
Saint Louis Abbey 0 21 0 0
Kylemore Abbey 0 0 12 0
Jamberoo Abbey 0 0 22 0
Mariavall Abbey 0 0 12 0
Total 1 188 74 5

Houses

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Houses of the Congregation in exile

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Religious house in Europe Location Dates Successor house in England
St Gregory's Priory, Douai Douai, France 1607–1798 Downside Abbey
Dieulouard Priory France 1608–1798 Ampleforth Abbey
St Malo Priory St Malo, Brittany c.1610 – late 17th century n/a
St Edmund's Priory, Paris; later St Edmund's Abbey, Douai Paris 1615–1798 (Paris); 1818–1903 (Douai) Douai Abbey, Woolhampton
Cambrai Priory Cambrai, Flanders 1625–1794 Stanbrook Abbey
Our Lady of Good Hope Priory, Paris Paris 1651–1794 Colwich Abbey
Lamspringe Abbey Lamspringe, Lower Saxony 1630–1803 Broadway Priory, 1826–34; Fort Augustus Abbey, 1886–1998

Houses of the present Congregation

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England

Australia

Ireland

Peru

  • Priory of the Incarnation (monks), fdd 1981 in Tambogrande, from 2006 in Pachacamac and from May 2018 transferred to Lurín, in the buildings of the former Cistercian nunnery, daughter house of Belmont

Sweden

United States

Zimbabwe

Defunct houses of the present Congregation

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Notable English Benedictines

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Reformation martyrs

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References

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  1. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171105194639/http://www.osb.org/gen/hicks/index.html [bare URL]
  2. ^ Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19
  3. ^ Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19
  4. ^ http://www.plantata.org.uk [bare URL]
  5. ^ Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19
  6. ^ H.Connolly, 'The Buckley Affair', in Downside Review 30 (1931) 49-74
  7. ^ "Roman & other Documents".
  8. ^ Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19
  9. ^ Nolan, Patrick. "English Convents in the Low Countries", The Irish Dames of Ypres, Benziger, 1908, p. 16Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ Zeller, Dom.Hubert Van (1954). Downside By and Large. London: Sheed and Ward. p. 3.
  11. ^ Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19
  12. ^ "English Benedictine History". plantata.org.uk. Ampleforth Abbey Trustees. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  13. ^ Lamb, Christopher (1 August 2017). "Christopher Jamison appointed Abbot President of English Benedictines". The Tablet. London, UK. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  14. ^ "Abbot Christopher Jamison elected new President". benedictines.org.uk. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  15. ^ "English Benedictine Congregation welcomes three new communities". benedictines.org.uk. July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  16. ^ The Benedictine Yearbook. London: English Benedictine Congregation Trust. 2023. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-901089-58-8.
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