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Fairmile B motor launch

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The Canadian Fairmile B motor launch ML-Q056 in 1941
Class overview
NameFairmile B motor launch
Preceded byFairmile A motor launch
Succeeded byFairmile C motor gun boat
Completedc. 650
General characteristics
Displacement85 tons
Length112 ft (34 m)
Beam
  • 18 ft 3 in (5.56 m)
  • except Canadian built at 17 ft (5.2 m) or 17 ft 10 in (5.44 m)
Draught4 ft 10 in (1.47 m)
PropulsionTwo 650 bhp (480 kW) Hall-Scott Defender petrol engines
Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range1,500 mi (1,300 nmi; 2,400 km) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement16 (later increased)
Sensors and
processing systems		ASDIC
Armament
ArmourWheelhouse plated

The Fairmile B motor launch (often abbreviated to 'ML') was a very numerous class of motor launch produced in kit form by British boatbuilder Fairmile Marine, and then assembled and fitted out by numerous boatyards during the Second World War to meet the Royal Navy's coastal operation requirements.

Design

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While the Type A motor launch had been designed entirely for Fairmile by architect Norman Hart, the Type B design had come from Bill Holt, head of the Admiralty's DNC Boat Section. The hard-chine hull of the Type A had exhibited seakeeping and handling limitations, but Holt's round-bilged design for the Type B was found to be a far more seaworthy form.

Like all Fairmile boats, production of the Type B was based on total prefabrication so individual components could be contracted out to small factories for production and these arranged as kits that would be delivered in stages to various boatyards for assembly & fitting out on a 'just-in-time' basis. Accordingly, the detailed design work for the Type B was taken on by Fairmile and modified to suit their kit fabrication principle - they then also handled production of component parts.

Altogether approximately 650 boats were built between 1940 and 1945. Like the Type As, the Type Bs were initially intended as submarine chasers, so the boats were fitted with ASDIC (sonar) as standard.

Their main armament initially reflected their anti-submarine focus, with 12 depth charges, a single QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun forward, and one set of twin 0.303-in Lewis or GO machine guns (frequently increased in number by the crew); early boats often received a Holman projector amidships. A common upgrade to gun armament by 1942-43 in many early boats was to add an aft bandstand mounting for either a 2-pdr Rolls gun or a 20mm Oerlikon cannon. The specifications given are for the original 1940 British version.

As the war moved on, the vessels were adapted to other roles and the armament was modified and upgraded such as the replacement of the 3-pounder with one or more 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and removal of the ASDIC dome for more clearance as minesweepers. Some boats were configured as motor torpedo boats.

Boats

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The Fairmile B type superseded the original Fairmile A type, which had been designed by Norman Hart.

First batch (September 1939 orders)

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An initial batch of 24 of these (ML 101 to ML 124) was ordered by the Admiralty on 22 September 1939 from the Fairmile Marine company, of which the first eleven (plus the prototype ML 100) were completed to the Hart design ([Fairmile A); the remaining thirteen (ML 112 to ML 124) were completed to the new Fairmile B design. The first Fairmile B motor launch (actually ML 113 from Tough Bros, Teddington) was completed and delivered on 12 August 1940, with a further eleven from this first production batch entering service before the end of the year (the last of the batch to be completed - ML 123 - was delayed until 1941).[1]

Name Ship Builder Completed Fate
ML 112 Woodnutt & Co., St Helens, Isle of Wight 22 September 1940 Sold on 27 February 1946.
ML 113 Tough Brothers, Teddington 12 August 1940 Sold in March 1946 as Pendennis.
ML 114 Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft 24 August 1940 For disposal in 1946.
ML 115 Solent Shipyard, Sareisbury Green, Hants. 18 September 1940 Sold in October 1946.
ML 116 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire 14 September 1940 For disposal in April 1946.
ML 117 Lady Bee, Isleworth 26 October 1940 Sold in 1946, becoming yacht Savourna by 1959.
ML 118 Sussex Shipbuilding, Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex 7 October 1940 Sold in 1946 as Marandis.
ML 119 Alexander Robertson, Sandbank. 12 September 1940 Lent to South African Navy 1945; for disposal later in 1945.
ML 120 Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, Brightlingsea 8 October 1940 Sold 1946 as Onetwenty.
ML 121 James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire 12 September 1940 Sold in Egypt ca. 1947.
ML 122 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Bangor, Gwynedd 16 October 1940 Lent to Royal Norwegian Navy from 13 December 1940 to 23 August 1941;
for disposal in October 1945.
ML 123 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall May 1941 To Free French Navy as St Ronan from May 1941 to July 1942; sold 1946.
ML 124 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire 13 November 1940 To Ship Target Trials in 1946; for disposal in October 1947.

Second batch (January 1940 orders)

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The Admiralty placed a massive order for a second batch of Fairmile Bs - 120 vessels in total - on 8 January 1940. These were numbered ML 125 to ML 244. Of these, 37 were delivered by the end of 1940, another 77 during the first half of 1941, and the last 6 during the second half of 1941.

Name Ship Builder Completed Fate
ML 125 J. S. Doig (Grimsby), Grimsby Docks 9 November 1940 Lent to Royal Norwegian Navy from 23 December 1940 to 23 August 1941;
for disposal in October 1945.
ML 126 James N. Miller & Sons, East Shore, St Monance, Fife 19 September 1940 Sunk 27 November 1943 after torpedo attack by U-boat.
ML 127 Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft 7 November 1940 Mined on 22 November 1940 in the Thames Estuary.
ML 128 P. K. Harris & Sons, New Quay Dry Docks, Appledore, Devon October 1940 Lent to Royal Norwegian Navy from 13 December 1940 to 23 August 1941;
for disposal in January 1946.
ML 129 Mashford Brothers, Cremyll Yard, Cremyll, Plymouth, Devon 14 October 1940 Sunk by bombing on 22 March 1942 off Algeria.
ML 130 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 9 October 1940 Sunk off Malta on 7 May 1942 by gunfire from E-boats.
ML 131 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 12 December 1941 Sold in March 1947.
ML 132 Itchenor Shipyard 9 November 1940 Became constructive total loss by bombing on 21 March 1942 at Bone (Annaba), Algeria, and interned on next day.
ML 133 Lady Bee, Isleworth 12 December 1940 Lost on 11 May 1943 by fire off west coast of Scotland.
ML 134 Solent Shipyard, Sarisbury Green 29 October 1940 For disposal in October 1946; became Egyptian Hamza.
ML 135 Dorset Yacht, Hamworthy 10 October 1940 Lent to South African Navy 1945; sold at Malta in November 1946.
ML 136 Alexander Robertson, Sandbank. 26 November 1940 Sold in Holland in March 1947, becoming Y861.
ML 137 Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall. 26 November 1940 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 138 Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, Brightlingsea 19 November 1940 Lent to Royal Netherlands Navy from 10 November 1945 until 1953, then sold.
ML 139 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 17 December 1940 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 140 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 31 January 1941 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 141 Mashford Brothers, Cremyll Yard, Cremyll, Plymouth, Devon 23 December 1940 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 142 Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft 26 November 1940 Sold 1946, becoming Tregarth.
ML 143 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 13 February 1941 Lent to Royal Netherlands Navy from 10 November 1945 until 10 April 1946, then sold as Gay Tulip.
ML 144 Dorset Yacht, Hamworthy 12 November 1940 Sunk by mine on 22 September 1941 in the Channel.
ML 145 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 25 March 1941 Became ML(A)1 from July 1945, sold 1946.
ML 146 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 1 March 1941 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 147 Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft December 1940 Constructive tptal loss on 3 November 1944 off Portsmouth; for disposal in April 1945.
ML 148 Sussex Shipbuilding, Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex 10 December 1940 Became ML(A)2 from July 1945, sold 1946.
ML 149 Vosper & Company, Portsmouth 20 February 1941 Became ML(A)3 from July 1945, sold 1946.
ML 150 Sheerness Dockyard 6 March 1941 Sold March 1948.
ML 151 Sheerness Dockyard 25 February 1941 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 152 P. K. Harris & Sons, New Quay Dry Docks, Appledore 18 December 1940 Became ML(A)4 from July 1945,
for disposal in June 1946.
ML 153 H. J. Percival, Horning, Norfolk 19 January 1941 For disposal in July 1946, becoming yacht Ginasal.
ML 154 James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire 5 November 1940 Became ML2154, then Squirrel in 1956,
taken to pieces in June 1958.
ML 155 Woodnutt, Bembridge, Isle of Wight 11 December 1940 Became ML2155, sold 1961.
ML 156 Wallasea Bay Yacht Yard, Rochford, Essex 18 December 1940 Scuttled at St Nazaire on 28 March 1942, salved and became ML2156, sold 1951.
ML 157 John I. Thorneycroft & Company, Hampton, London 9 October 1940 Sold February 1946.
ML 158 John I. Thorneycroft & Company, Hampton 5 May 1941 Sold 27 February 1946.
ML 159 James N. Miller & Sons, East Shore, St Monance, Fife 23 November 1940 Sold February 1946.
ML 160 Alexander Robertson, Sandbank. 27 December 1940 Bombed on 6 May 1942 at Brixham.
ML 161 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 10 April 1941 To Royal Netherlands Navy from 4 January 1945 to 28 August 1946; sold in 1946.
ML 162 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire 3 December 1940 To Royal Netherlands Navy from 4 January 1945 to 10 April 1946; sold September 1946.
ML 163 Leo Robinson, Oulton Broad, Lowestoft 12 February 1941 Sold in 1947, becoming Armanda.
ML 164 Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall. 18 December 1940 To Royal Netherlands Navy from 4 January 1945 to 10 April 1946; sold September 1946.
ML 165 Kris Cruisers, Riverside Yard, Isleworth, London. 10 December 1940 For disposal in October 1946.
ML 166 J. W. & A. Upham, Brixham 1 January 1941 To War Department as Hambledon in January 1945; for disposal in May 1947.
ML 167 J. W. & A. Upham, Brixham January 1941 To War Department as Iffley in January 1945; for disposal in May 1947.
ML 168 William Weatherhead, Cockenzie 23 November 1940 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 169 William King, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex 27 November 1940 Lost by fire on 15 February 1942 at Gibraltar.
ML 170 Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, Brightlingsea January 1941 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 171 Tough Brothers, Teddington 21 October 1940 To War Department as Richmond in June 1945; for disposal in May 1947.
ML 172 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 16 March 1941 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 173 Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall 17 January 1941 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 174 William Osbourne, Littlehampton December 1940 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 175 James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire 20 January 1941 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 176 Solent Shipyard, Sarisbury Green December 1940 For disposal in May 1946.
ML 177 Wallasea Bay Yacht Yard, Rochford, Essex December 1940 Lost at St Nazaire on 28 March 1942.
ML 178 Leo Robinson, Tewkesbury 24 June 1941 Sold in 1946.
ML 179 J. W. & A. Upham, Brixham 16 February 1941 Sold in February 1946.
ML 180 Collins, Lowestoft 18 February 1941 Sold in 1948 as Matapan.
ML 181 John Sadd, Maldon, Essex 24 January 1941 Lent to Royal Netrherlands Navy in 1945, then sold to them in March 1947.
ML 182 Leo Robinson, Tewkesbury 2 August 1941 Free French Navy from 1 April 1942 to 12 August 1942, sold in February 1946.
ML 183 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire 10 February 1941 Lost in collision with East Pier, Dieppe on 11 February 1945.
ML 184 P. K. Harris & Sons, New Quay Dry Docks, Appledore, Devon 10 February 1941 Sold in March 1946.
ML 185 James Taylor, Chertsey 20 May 1941 Sold in March 1946.
ML 186 Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft 28 January 1941 Sold in March 1946.
ML 187 Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall. 11 February 1941 Sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 188 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire 25 March 1941 For disposal November 1945 at Freetown.
ML 189 Dorset Yacht, Hamworthy. 4 February 1941 Sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 190 Solent Shipyard, Sarisbury Green 19 March 1941 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 191 Itchenor Shipyard 15 May 1941 To Burma RNVR in November 1945; for disposal in June 1946.
ML 192 Southampton Steam Joinery, Southampton 1 August 1941 To Free French Navy in 1942; lost at St Nazaire on 28 March 1942.
ML 193 H. J. Percival, Horning, Norfolk. 27 March 1941 Sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 194 Johnson & Jago, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. 29 January 1941 Sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 195 John I. Thorneycroft & Company, Hampton, London 21 January 1941 Sold March 1947.
ML 196 James N. Miller & Sons, East Shore, St Monance, Fife 1 February 1941 Became ML2196; to Norwich Sea Cadets in 1958 as Lord Nelson.
ML 197 Alexander Robertson, Sandbank. 24 February 1941 Sold 1946 as Cory 3.
ML 198 Woodnutt, Bembridge, Isle of Wight 18 March 1941 Sold 1946 as Cory 4.
ML 199 Tough Brothers, Teddington 19 December 1940 Sold in August 1946.
ML 200 James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire 22 February 1941 For disposal in January 1946 at Trincomalee.
ML 201 James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire 27 March 1941 Sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 202 Lady Bee, Isleworth 15 March 1941 Sold in February 1946 at Trincomalee.
ML 203 James N. Miller & Sons, East Shore, St Monance, Fife 24 June 1941 For disposal in October 1945.
ML 204 Risdon Beazley, Northam Bridge 27 February 1941 To Burma RNVR on 1 November 1945; for disposal in 1946.
ML 205 James Taylor, Chertsey 28 June 1941 To Free French Navy as Ouessant from May to August 1942; for disposal 1946.
ML 206 Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, Brightlingsea 5 March 1941 Sold to Hampton Sea Scouts in October 1946.
ML 207 Johnson & Jago, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. 11 March 1941 Sold in March 1946.
ML 208 Risdon Beazley, Northam Bridge 12 March 1941 To Royal Norwegian Navy from 12 March 1941 until October 1942; for disposal in October 1945.
ML 209 James Taylor, Chertsey 25 August 1941 For disposal in November 1945 at Freetown.
ML 210 William Osbourne, Littlehampton 7 April 1941 To Royal Norwegian Navy from 5 April 1941; mined 15 February 1944 off Dieppe.

Third batch (May 1940 orders)

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An order for a third batch, this time of 65 boats, was placed on 21 May 1940; these were numbered ML 245 to ML 309, and were all delivered during 1941, as were two extra units (ML 310 and ML 311) ordered on 28 June 1940 for Singapore to be assembled by the Singapore Harbour Board; this last pair were delivered to Singapore on 29 November 1941, only to be lost in February 1942 to the Japanese (who re-used ML 310 under the name Suikei 12).

Name Ship Builder Completed Fate
ML 245 Sheerness Dockyard 14 July 1941 To Free French Navy as St Guenole from July 1941 to July 1942;
sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 246 Sheerness Dockyard 21 July 1941 To Free French Navy as St Ives from July 1941 to July 1942;
to Burmese RNVR in November 1945; for disposal in January 1946.
ML 247 J. W. & A. Upham, Brixham 19 July 1941 To Free French Navy as St Alain from July 1941 to July 1942;
to Burmese RNVR in November 1945; for disposal in January 1946.

Fourth batch (August 1940 orders)

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The fourth batch of 24 boats was ordered on 28 July 1940 as ML 312 to ML 335. However, these were altered to be completed instead as Motor Gunboats, re-classed as Fairmile C motor gun boats, and the prefixes to their numbers changed from "ML" to "MGB", retaining the same numbers. In their place, a new batch of 50 Fairmile Bs was ordered on 21 August, and these became ML 336 to ML 367 (the last six of these for assembly by the Singapore Harbour Board) and ML 372 to ML 389.

Six days later another six were ordered, ML 368 and ML 369 to be built in Bermuda for the Royal Canadian Navy, ML 370 and ML 371 for assembly in Jamaica for Caribbean service, and ML 390 and ML 391 intended for assembly at Singapore, although this last pair was switched to Bombay Dockyard on 22 February 1942 following the fall of Singapore.

Name Ship Builder Completed Fate
ML 336 Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall 12 September 1941 To Italian Navy on 3 December 1945.
ML 337 A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire 18 November 1941 Later renumbered ML 2337; sold 25 September 1956.
ML 338 Risdon Beazley, Clausentum Yard, Northam Bridge, Southampton 28 September 1941 Later renumbered ML 2338; sold 17 December 1955.

Later batches (1941 to 1942 orders)

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Further batches followed, producing ML 392 onwards, many assembled in Overseas yards, with a final total of about 650 boats of this Type eventually assembly worldwide, including 60 in Canada.

All boats were essentially the same, although they could be adapted to serve in several roles by the expedient of having pre-drilled rails on their decks spaced to allow the fitting of various types of armaments. Although their armament initially reflected their main anti-submarine mission, nine of them were fitted with 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes taken from ex-US Town-class destroyers; they formed the 2nd ML Flotilla tasked with anti-invasion duty, until the threat had passed.

Service

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During the Siege of Malta, they were used to sweep a narrow channel ahead of heavier minesweepers which widened the channel. The heavier minesweepers were initially the remnants of the Malta trawler force, then fleet minesweepers that arrived with a convoy from Gibraltar. The launches were able to pass over the mines whereas many trawler losses had been caused by the leading ship hitting a mine.[2]

A number served in the St Nazaire Raid as assault transports, but their light construction meant that they suffered heavily; 12 B motor launches were lost in the action,[3] out of 16 deployed.[4]

During the Normandy landings a number of MLs were designated as navigation launches. These motor launches guided the landing craft onto the correct beaches. For this task the craft were fitted with splinter mats at the front for added protection. An Oerlikon 20 mm cannon was fitted amidships and a Bofors 40 mm gun was installed at the stern. Smoke canister apparatus was installed at the rear of the craft and the number of depth charges was reduced.[5] See main picture above of ML303 in this configuration.

Many were built as rescue motor launches with small sickbays aft of the engine room coaming, and classified as RML (rescue motor launch). These were numbered in the series RML492 to RML500, and RML511 to RML553.[6] Several more were converted to use as War Office ambulance launches with larger sickbays.

  • HMC ML Q055 1941. Large black flag indicates ASDIC contact.
    HMC ML Q055 1941. Large black flag indicates ASDIC contact.
  • British ML303 during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day
    British ML303 during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day
  • HMC ML Q055 1941
    HMC ML Q055 1941

British Colonial or Commonwealth-built Fairmile B motor launches

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Canadian built Fairmiles

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Main article: Canadian Fairmile B motor launch
The Canadian Fairmile HMC ML Q054 in 1942

Originally designed for the Royal Navy (RN) by W.J. Holt of the Admiralty and built by British boat builder Fairmile Marine, during the Second World War, 88 Fairmile B motor launches, with slight modifications for Canadian climatic and operational conditions, were built in Canada for service with the RCN in home waters.[7] The first thirty-six Canadian Fairmile B type were designated and painted up as CML 01 to 36 (coastal motor launch).[8] Eight Canadian Fairmiles (Q392 – Q399) were built by Le Blanc for the RN and were transferred under Lend-Lease to the US Navy. The US Navy used the Canadian-built Fairmiles as submarine chasers (SC1466–1473).[9]

Other British Colonial or Commonwealth built Fairmiles

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At least two (ML 368 and ML 369) were built in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, home to the base, dockyard and Admiralty house of the America and West Indies Station, by what was to become Burland, Conyers & Marirea, Ltd.[10][11]

New Zealand ordered twelve boats on 4 September 1941, for assembly from the Fairmile kits by four boat builders in Auckland, of which the first two (MTB 403 and MTB 400) were delivered in October and November 1942 respectively and the following ten (MTB 401, MTB 402, and MTB 404 to MTB 411) during 1943. These were used in New Zealand waters and around the Solomon Islands, and included HMNZS Maori and HMNZS Kahu (Kahu (II). All were sold in 1947 except for MTB 411 (which became Kahu [II]).

In Australia 35 boats entered service from October 1942. They were employed on routine patrols, convoy escorts, running special forces in and out of Japanese-held areas, in Papua New Guinea, boom defence patrols in harbours at home and abroad, courier operations, survey work and raiding Japanese-held coasts. Of note the surrender of Japanese forces in the South West Pacific. On 10 September 1945, Rear-Admiral S. Sato, commanding officer of Kairiru and Muschu Islands, New Guinea, surrendered the Japanese forces on the islands to Major-General H. C. H. Robertson, commander of the 6th Division on board ML 805.[12]

At least six boats (ML380–383, 829 and 846) were built by South Africa and commissioned during November 1942. These were sent as the 49th Fairmile Flotilla (SANF) to Burma and deployed along the Arakan coast. The boats saw much action in support of ground forces and disrupting Japanese supply lines.

The Imperial Japanese Navy salvaged two that had been sunk and placed them in service.

A number of boats were built in Egypt by Thomas Cook & Son, who had a Cairo shipyard for constructing Nile tourist craft. Armament was fitted in Port Said. The first three to enter service in 1942 were ML 355, 353 and 348.[13] Post war they were often taken on as pleasure boats and a number of Fairmile Bs are on the National Register of Historic Vessels.

Fourteen Fairmile B were operated by the Italian Guardia di Finanza naval service, between 1947 and the 1980s.

Surviving examples

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Four currently survive in the United Kingdom, two of which are in excellent condition. One is RML497. Many others of the type are known to survive around the world, some still in commercial service as tour boats.

  • Fairmile B boat ML535 served with the 63rd ML Flotilla 1942-44. The picture shows her in 1962 after conversion to a ferry MV Western Lady
    Fairmile B boat ML535 served with the 63rd ML Flotilla 1942-44. The picture shows her in 1962 after conversion to a ferry MV Western Lady
  • HMNZS Kahu, FML411, was used post war ferrying passengers at Auckland in New Zealand
    HMNZS Kahu, FML411, was used post war ferrying passengers at Auckland in New Zealand
  • Surviving Fairmile B, RML497 at Brixham in England, prior to restoration to her wartime appearance
    Surviving Fairmile B, RML497 at Brixham in England, prior to restoration to her wartime appearance

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Angus Konstam, British Motor Gun Boat 1939–45[permanent dead link‍] Osprey Publishing Limited 2010, ISBN 978-1-84908-077-4 (p.15)
  2. ^ A leaf upon the sea : a small ship in the Mediterranean, 1941-1943, Gordon W. Stead, University of British Columbia Press Vancouver 1988, ISBN 9780774802994, p.114
  3. ^ Naval-History.net Royal Navy Vessels Lost at Sea, 1939-45 - by Date: January 1942 – December 1943 (Entry for 28 March)
  4. ^ History of War - St. Nazaire, Raid on, (Operation Chariot), Part One
  5. ^ Malcolm George Wright, British and Commonwealth Warship Camouflage of WWII Seaforth Publishing 2014, ISBN 978-1848322530 (p.137)
  6. ^ Lenton and Colledge. Warships of World War II. Ian Allan. pp. 523–530.
  7. ^ Heenan, RCNR (Ret), Captain Joseph A. (1 February 1962). "The Little Ships" (PDF). The Crowsnest. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  8. ^ Lambert and Ross, John and Al (1990). Allied Coastal Forces of World War II Vol 1: Fairmile designs and US submarine chasers. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-85177-519-5.
  9. ^ "WW2Ships.com: Fairmile Type B Motor Launch". www.ww2ships.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  10. ^ "HMCS ML 368 (ML 368)". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  11. ^ "HMCS ML 369 (ML 369)". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  12. ^ "Patrol boats". The Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations: RAN Doctrine 2 - 2005. Royal Australian Navy. 9 January 2024. ISBN 978-0-642-29615-3. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008.
  13. ^ Searle, G. W. At Sea Level Book Guild 1994 pp. 47–48 ISBN 0863328970

References

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