Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/quluh

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔulu/, /qulu/

Noun

*quluh

head (part of the body)

Descendants

Basay: utsu
Kavalan: uRu
⇒ Saisiyat: ta'oeloeh
Papora: ulu
>? Rukai: aulru
⇒? Puyuma: tranguru
Paiwan: qulu
>? Proto-Tai: *krawꟲ
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *qulu
- Philippine
  - Batanic
    - Yami: oo
    - Ivatan: uhu
    - Ibatan: oho
  - Northern Luzon
    - Ilocano: olo
    - Cagayan Valley
      - Isnag: olo
      - Itawit: ulu
      - Yogad: ulu
    - Meso-Cordilleran
      - Central Cordilleran
        Limos Kalinga: ulu
        Batad Ifugao: ūlu
        Tuwali Ifugao: ulu
      - Southern Cordilleran
        Pangasinan: olo
        Keley-I Kallahan: uluk
    - Northeastern Luzon
      - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ulo
  - Central Luzon
    - Abenlen Ayta: ō
    - Mag-Anchi Ayta: ulo
    - Bolinao: ulo
  - Northern Mindoro
    - Alangan: ulo
    - Tadyawan: ulo
  - Greater Central Philippine
    - Central Philippine
      - Tagalog: ulo
      - Visayan
        Cebu
        Cebuano: ulo
        Central
        Capiznon: ulo
        Hiligaynon: ulo
        Waray-Waray: ulo
        Western
        Aklanon: ueo
        Kinaray-a: ulo
        Ratagnon: ulo
        Southern
        Tausug: ū
        Butuanon: oo
      - Mansakan
        Mansaka: oro
        Tagakaulu Kalagan: ulu
    - South Mangyan
      - Hanunoo: 'úlu
    - Manobo
      - Higaonon: ulo
      - Matigsalug Manobo: ulu
      - Western Bukidnon Manobo: ulu
    - Subanen
      - Central Subanen: ulu, gulu
      - Western Subanon: gulu
    - Danao
      - Maranao: olo
      - Maguindanao: ulu
    - Gorontalo–Mongondow
      - Mongondow: ulu
      - Ponosakan: ulu
  - Kalamian
    - Agutaynen: kolo
    - Calamian Tagbanwa: kulu
  - South Mindanao
    - Tboli: kulu
  - Ati: olo
  - Giangan: ullu
  - Sangiric
    - Sangir: ulru
    - ⇒ Talaud: ulrune
  - Minahasan
    - Tonsea: udu
- Barito
  - East Barito
    - Ma'anyan: ulu
    - Dusun Witu: ulu
  - West Barito
    - Ngaju: hulo
- North Bornean
  - Northeast Sabahan
    - Ida'an: ulu
    - Bonggi: ulu
  - Southwest Sabahan
    - Dusunic
      - Central Dusun: tulu
      - Coastal Kadazan: tuhu
      - Rungus: ulu
    - Murutic
      - Timugon Murut: ulu
      - Southern Tidung: ulu
    - Paitanic
      - Tombonuo: ulu
      - Upper Kinabatangan: ulu
  - North Sarawakan
    - Bintulu: ulew
    - Berawan–Lower Baram
      - Berawan: uloh
    - Dayic (Apo Duat)
      - Kelabit: uluh
      - Lun Bawang: uluh
    - Kenyah
      - Bakung: ulu
      - Eastern Penan: ulun
      - Western Penan: ulun
  - Central Sarawakan
    - Melanau
      - Central Melanau: ulou
      - Daro-Matu Melanau: ulo
    - Kajang
      - Kajaman: uleu
- Moklenic
  - Moken: kolo
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
  - Batak
    - North
      - Karo Batak: ulu
    - South
      - Angkola Batak: ulu
      - Toba Batak: ulu
      - Mandailing Batak: ulu
  - Gayo: ulu
  - Simeulue: ulu
  - Enggano: e-udu
- Rejang: uleu
- Lampungic
  - Komering: hulu
  - Abung: ulew
  - Lampung Api: hulu, ulu
- Malayo-Sumbawan
  - Chamic
    - Acehnese: ulèë
  - Malayic: *hulu(ʔ)
    - Iban: ulu
    - Malay: hulu, ulu (dated)
      - Indonesian: hulu
      - → Chinese: 烏魯／乌鲁 (Wūlǔ)
      - → English: ulu
    - Urak Lawoi': ฮูลู (hulu)
  - Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
    - Balinese: ᬳᬸᬮᬸ (ulu)
    - Sasak: ulu
  - Sundanese: ᮠᮥᮜᮥ (hulu)
- Old Javanese: hulu
  - Javanese: ꦲꦸꦭꦸ (ulu)
- South Sulawesi
  - Tamanic
    - Embaloh: ulu
  - Northern
    - Duri: ulu
    - Tae': ulu
    - Mandar: ulu
  - Makassaric
    - Makasar: ᨕᨘᨒᨘ (ulu)
- Celebic
  - Saluan–Banggai
    - Banggai: ulu
  - Muna–Buton
    - Muna: ghulu
  - Kaili–Pamona
    - Pamona: uyu
    - Uma: ulu
  - Bungku–Tolaki
    - Mori Atas: ulu
    - Wawonii: ulu
  - Tomini–Tolitoli
    - Tajio: ulu
  - Wotu–Wolio
    - Wolio: ulu
- Chamorro: ulu
- Central Malayo-Polynesian
  - Bima: ulu
  - Sumba–Flores
    - Sumba–Hawu
      - Sabu: uru
      - Kambera: ulu
    - Western Flores
      - Manggarai–Rembong
        Manggarai: ulu
        Riung: ulu
      - Central Flores
        Ngadha: ulu
        Ke'o: ulu
  - Flores–Lembata
    - Sika: 'ulu
  - Selaru: usu
  - Kei–Tanimbar
    - Yamdena: ulu
    - Fordata: ulu
    - Kei: uu
  - Timoric
    - Tetum: ulun
    - Leti: ulu
  - Aru
    - Kola: ulu
    - Dobel: kwulu
  - Central Maluku
    - Western
      - Buru (Indonesia): olo
      - Ambelau: olo
    - Eastern
      - Banda–Geser
        Watubela: kulu
      - East Seram
        Bobot: ulin
        Masiwang: ulin
      - Nunusaku
        Saparua: uru
        Manipa: lu
  - Taliabu: ulu
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
  - Halmahera–Cenderawasih
    - Buli (Indonesia): ulu
  - Oceanic: *qulu
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Nauna: kulu
      - Khehek: ulu
    - Western Oceanic
      - North New Guinea
        Sio: kulu
      - Meso-Melanesian
        Tolai: ul
        Cheke Holo: ulu
        Simbo: ulu
      - Papuan Tip
        Suau: ulu
        Saliba (New Guinea): kulu
        Bwanabwana: kulukulu
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic
      - Southeast Solomonic
        Bugotu–Gela
        Bughotu: ulu
        Gela: ulu
        Malaita–Makira
        'Are'are: uru
        Lau: ulu
        Sa'a: ulu
      - Micronesian
        Chuukese: wúún
        Puluwat: wúl
      - Central Pacific
        Western Fijian: ulu
        Fijian: ulu
        Polynesian: *qulu
        Tongic
        Tongan: ʻulu
        Niuean: ulu
        Samoic–Outlier
        Ellicean
        Tuvaluan: ulu
        Kapingamarangi: ulu
        Futunic
        Anuta: uru
        Futuna-Aniwa: uru
        East Futuna: 'ulu
        Samoic
        Samoan: ulu
        Tokelauan: ulu
        Niuatoputapu: ulu
        Eastern Polynesian
        Marquesic
        North Marquesan: uʻu
        South Marquesan: uʻu
        Tahitic
        Tahitian: uru
        Maori: uru
→ Biao: ha⁶ lo⁵

References

Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussell, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *quluh.
Laurent Sagart. A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 2019, 48 (1), pp.9. 10.1163/19606028-04801004 . hal-02179092