Plethora is a tool kit for copy number variation (CNV) analysis of highly duplicated regions. It was tailored specifically for the DUF1220 domain which is found in over 300 copies in the human genome. However it could be applied to other high copy domains and segmental duplications. The details are published here:

Astling, DP, Heft IE, Jones, KL, Sikela, JM. "High resolution measurement of DUF1220 domain copy number from whole genome sequence data" (2017) BMC Genomics. 18:614. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3976-z

Plethora depends on the following software. Note that updates to samtools and bedtools may break plethora due to recent parameter changes

• Bowtie2 version 2.2.9
• Bedtools version 2.17.0
• Samtools version: 0.1.19-44428cd
• Cutadapt v1.12
• Perl module: Math::Random
• Perl module: Math::Complex

You will also need to download the human genome hg38 and build a Bowtie index for it. Instructions for doing this can be found on the Bowtie2 website.

A script for installing the dependencies is included code/install_tools.sh

The following illustrates the minimal steps necessary to run the pipeline. The test data are simulated reads for a single DUF1220 domain, so this should run relatively quickly versus a full WGS data set. The following code can also be used to test that your environment has been set up correctly and that the installed software is working.

1. Create directories for the resulting files (if they don't exist already)

mkdir alignments
mkdir results

2. Trim low quality bases from the 3' ends of the reads and remove any that are shorter than 80 bp. Since we are working with simulated data, we don't expect many reads to be effected by this.

cutadapt \
 -a XXX -A XXX -q 10 --minimum-length 80 --trim-n \
 -o fastq/test_1_filtered.fastq.gz \
 -p fastq/test_2_filtered.fastq.gz \
 fastq/test_1.fastq.gz \
 fastq/test_2.fastq.gz

3. Align reads to the genome with Bowtie2. Note you may have to change the path to point to your Bowtie2 reference

code/bowtie2.sh \
 -g $HOME/genomes/bowtie2.2.9_indicies/hg38/hg38 \
 -b alignments/test.bam \
 fastq/test_1_filtered.fastq.gz \
 fastq/test_2_filtered.fastq.gz

4. Calculate coverage for each DUF1220 domain

code/make_bed.sh \
 -r data/hg38_duf_full_domains_v2.3.bed \
 -p "paired" \
 -b alignments/test.bam \
 -o results/test

The resulting file test_read_depth.bed has the coverage for each domain. The reads were simulated from NBPF1_CON1_1 at 30x coverage. Based on prior work, we expect to find that most reads align to NBPF1_CON1_1, but some reads will map to one of the other CON1 domains of NBPF1 or to NBPF1L.

The results should look something like this

awk '$2 > 0' results/test_read_depth.bed

NBPF1_CON1_1   28.2794
NBPF1L_CON1_1  2.55338
NBPF1_CON1_2   0.66548

The following describes how to apply plethora to the 1000 Genomes data and describes the main steps in a little more detail. The scripts for processing the 1000 Genomes data can be found in the folder code/1000genomes. These scripts are for submitting jobs to the LSF job queuing system for processing multiple samples in parallel. These scripts can be modified for use with other job queuing systems (such as PBS or Slurm). Alternatively, the scripts in the main code folder can be run individually without using a job scheduler (as shown in the quick start guide).

If everything has been configured correctly, you should be able to process the entire dataset with the following command:

bsub < code/1000genomes/run.sh

However, it is likely that some jobs will fail at various stages of the pipeline due to networking issues or from heavy usage from other users of the computational cluster. So you may have to submit some of these steps to the queue separately.

The config file is where all the project specific parameters and sample names should go. The other scripts in the pipeline should be kept as abstract as possible for reuse.

Here are few important variables required by the pipeline:

• sample_index path to the file with the 1000 Genomes information
• genome path to the Bowtie indices for genome
• master_ref path to the bedfile with the DUF1220 coordinates, or other regions of interest
• alignment_dir path to where the Bowtie2 alignments will go
• result_folder path to where the resulting coverage files will be stored
• bowtie_params additional parameters to be passed to Bowtie2 that are specific to the project

The config file will also create directories where all the results will go.

bsub < code/1000genomes/1_download.sh

This script downloads the fastq files for each sample from the 1000 Genomes site as specified in a sample_index file. The script fetches all associated files with a given sample name and uses wget to download the files to the fastq folder. The script checks the md5sum hashes for each file against the downloaded file. The script exits with an error if they do not match.

Alternatively, if you are not using the LSF queuing system, the script can be run manually like so:

code/download_fastq.pl HG00250 data/1000Genomes_samples.txt 

bsub < code/1000genomes/2_trim.sh

This script automates the read trimming by Cutadapt. Alternatively, Cutadapt could be run directly as described in the quick start guide above.

bsub < code/1000genomes/3_batch_bowtie.sh

This script automates the Bowtie2 alignments for the filtered reads generated above.

Alternatively, Bowtie2 can be run separately using the shell script code/bowtie.sh

bsub < code/1000genomes/4_batch_clean.sh

This script removes intermediate files from earlier stages of the pipeline. This is useful because WGS files can take up a lot of disk space. This script first confirms that files from previous steps have been run correctly before removing them.

By default it assumes that the number of reads in the fastq file are correct (verified via checksum or read counting). Optionally you can provide a file with the expected number of reads. The script deletes the file from a prior step if the file in the next step has the correct number of reads (e.g. delete the original bam file if the sorted bam has the correct number of reads and delete the sorted bam if the resulting bed file has the correct number of reads).

If the data have been downloaded from a public repository like the 1000 Genomes, this script can remove the fastq files by passing an optional flag.

The script assumes the .bam file contains unaligned reads (e.g. the number of reads in the fastq file should match the number of reads in the .bam file).

Behind the scenes the clean script runs code/clean_files.pl. For more information on how to run this directly:

code/clean_files.pl -h

bsub < code/1000genomes/5_make_bed.sh

This script:

• Coverts the .bam alignment file into bed format
• Parses the reads
• Calls the merge_pairs.pl script (described below) to combined proper pairs into a single fragment
• Finds overlaps with the reference bed file containing the regions of interest (e.g. DUF1220)
• Calculates the average coverage for each region: (number of bases that overlap) / (domain length)

bsub < code/1000genomes/6_batch_clean.sh

This script is a link to the script above. At this stage it can remove the alignment and fastq files if present.

bsub < code/1000genomes/7_batch_gc_correction.sh

This script performs the GC correction step using conserved regions that are assumed to be found in diploid copy number. This script requires the _read.depth.bed file generated in step 5 above as well as a file with the percent GC content for each domain.

Behind the scenes, this shell script calls code/gc_correction.R which can be run manually like so:

code/gc_correction.R results/HG00250_read.depth.bed data/hg38_duf_full_domains_v2.3_GC.txt

This script is how we selected the ~300 samples from the full sample.index file for the 1000 Genomes Project. It filters out the exome sequencing data, selects samples with reasonably high coverage, etc. It tries to collect representative samples from each of the populations.

This script calculates the percent GC content for a set of domains and is called by the batch script above. Required are a set of domains in .bed file format and a .fasta file for the genome reference

This an LSF script for submitting a specific version of the DUF1220 annotation to the LSF queue.

This is a helper script to make_bed.sh that combines proper pairs into a single fragment, and separates discordant pairs into single end reads. The lengths of the single end reads are extended by half the mean fragment size, which is determined from the data itself. The extended length is sampled from a normal distribution using the mean and standard deviation of the measured fragment sizes.