Erythropoietinum

Erythropoietinum EPO
Alia nomina	EPO, EP, MVCD2, erythropoietin, Erythropoietin, ECYT5, DBAL
Locus geni (homo)

Chromosoma	7 (humanum)
Locus	7q22.1 (homo)

Substratum	proteinum praecursor amyloidi (APP)
Fontes externae	OMIM: 133170

Erythropoietinum sive EPO sive haematopoietinum est glycoproteinum et cytokinum responsum hypoxiae in renibus secretum. Effectus EPO est generationem in medulla ossium novorum cellularum per receptorium erythropoietini sanguinearum rubrarum (erythrocytarum), quod erythropoiesis dicitur^[1]. Exprimitur EPO in cerebro quoque, quo liberatio functiones cognitivas augeat.

Natura erythropoietini

Nomen erythropoietini de verbis Graecis ἐρυθρός, ruber, et ποιεῖν, facere, derivatur, ita ("erythrocytos facito") erythropoietini munus haematopoiesis indicans^[2].

Genum EPO

EPO est glycoproteinum ex 167 aminoacidorum compositum. Nominatur eius genum EPO, et genum ipsum in hominibus in chromosomate septimo locatum est. Geno hoc et promotores et activatores transcriptionis attribuuntur. Activatores gubernatores sunt hypoxia inductae factores (HIF)^[3]. HIFes ipsae cum hypoxia respondentibus elementibus (HRE) connectuntur.

Locus synthesis

In adultis synthesis erythropoietini in renibus, insuper in cerebro fit. Incremento, tamen, foeti et embryonis ineunte synthesis in hepatocytis fit^[4].

Renes

Synthesis erythropoietini in fibroblastis corticum renium, circum tubulos sitis, fit.

Cerebrum

Erythropoietini formatio etiam in cerebri neuronibus, cellulis glialibus, cellulis endothelialibus observata est, ut in hippocampi neuronibus^[5].

EPO factor colonias stimulans (cytokinum)

Erythropoietinum (EPO) cytokinis attribuitur. Inter cytokinis varii greges definiti sunt, inter quos EPO factor colonias stimulans agit. In medicina combinationibus EPO cum alio factore colonias stimulante effectus auxiliares sunt^[6].

Physiologia

Si organismus hypoxiam senserit, genum lectum erit, formaturque erythropoietinum (EPO), liberaturque in sanguinem, effectus suos denique in medullae ossium haematopoiesem perficiens, imprimis in erythrocytorum progenitores, ibidem in dictas coloniam formantes unitates erythroides (CFU-E)^[7], quae in proerythroblastos transeunt.

Videtur, ut EPOni effectus protegentes organorum diversorum, per exemplum renium et cerebri adferat.

Haematopoiesis et erythropoiesis

Conferatur pagina principalis: Haematopoiesis.

Haematopoiesis sanguinis formatio significat. Dividitur haematopoiesis in erythropoiesem (formationis erythrocytorum, vulgo cellularum sanguineuarum rubrarum), thrombopoiesem (formationis thrombocytorum), et leucopoiesem (formationis leucytorum, vulgo cellularum sanguineuarum albarum). Erythropoietinum effectus suos in erythrocytorum formationem, erythropoiesem, exercet.

Effectus protegentes organorum

Erythropoietinum etiam protectio organis diversis, ut renibus et cerebro adfert^[8].

Effectus regenerativi

Plasticitati synapticae (etiam neuroplasticitati dicto) momentum magnum cursuum regenerativorum cerebri, ut post apoplexiam. Apparet, ut erythropoietinum quoque effectus neuroplasticitatis, velut formationis cellularum nervalium novarum (neurogenesis) suos exerceat^[9].

Effectus mentis cognitivi

Effectus meliorantes morborum mentis plurium ad cognitionis rationem narrati sunt^[10].

Pathophysiologia

Anaemia

Conferatur pagina principalis: Anaemia.

Notio anaemia numerus reducta cellularum sanguinearum rubrarum (erythrocytorum) vel haemoglobini describit. Causae sunt, per exemplum, egressio ex vulnere sanguinis, vel mala pulmonum.

Notae

↑ Elliott S., Sinclair A. M. (2012). "The effect of erythropoietin on normal and neoplastic cells". Biologics 6: 163-89
↑ Krantz S. B. (Feb 1991). "Erythropoietin". Blood 77 (3): 419-34
↑ Haase V. H. (Ian 2013). "Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors". Blood reviews 27 (1): 41-53 doi:10.1016/j.blre.2012.12.003
↑ Suzuli N. (Mar 2015). The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 235 (3): 233-40 doi:10.1620/tjem.235.233
↑ Wakhloo D., Scharkowski F., Curto Y., Butt U. J., Bansal V., Steixner-Kumar A. A., Wüstefeld L., Rajput A., Arinrad S., Zillmann M. R., et al. (Mar 2020). "Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin". Nature communications 11 (1) doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1
↑ Mitjavila M. T., Villeval J. L., Cramer P., Henri A., Gasson J., Krystal G., Tulliez M., Berger R., Breton-Gorius J., Vainchenker W. (Oct 1987). "Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin on leukemic erythroid colony formation in human early erythroblastic leukemias". Blood 70 (4): 965-73
↑ Jelkmann W. (Mar 2011). "Regulation of erythropoietin production". Journal of physiology 589 (Pt 6): 1251-8 doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.195057
↑ Moore E. M., Bellomo R., Nichol A. D. (Mai 2011). "Erythropoietin as a novel brain and kidney protective agent". Aanaesthesia and intensive care 39 (3): 356-72 doi:10.1177/0310057X1103900306
↑ Wakhloo D., Scharkowski F., Curto Y., Butt U. J., Bansal V., Steixner-Kumar A. A., Wüstefeld L., Rajput A., Arinrad S., Zillmann M. R., et al. (Mar 2020). "Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin". Nature communications 11 (1): 1313 doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1
↑ Newton S. S., Sathyanesan M. (Sep 2021). "Erythropoietin and Non-Erythropoietic Derivatives in Cognition". Frontiers in pharmacology doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.728725

Nexus interni

stipula

Haec stipula ad medicinam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!

[1] Elliott S., Sinclair A. M. (2012). "The effect of erythropoietin on normal and neoplastic cells". Biologics 6: 163-89

[2] Krantz S. B. (Feb 1991). "Erythropoietin". Blood 77 (3): 419-34

[3] Haase V. H. (Ian 2013). "Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors". Blood reviews 27 (1): 41-53 doi:10.1016/j.blre.2012.12.003

[4] Suzuli N. (Mar 2015). The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 235 (3): 233-40 doi:10.1620/tjem.235.233

[5] Wakhloo D., Scharkowski F., Curto Y., Butt U. J., Bansal V., Steixner-Kumar A. A., Wüstefeld L., Rajput A., Arinrad S., Zillmann M. R., et al. (Mar 2020). "Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin". Nature communications 11 (1) doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1

[6] Mitjavila M. T., Villeval J. L., Cramer P., Henri A., Gasson J., Krystal G., Tulliez M., Berger R., Breton-Gorius J., Vainchenker W. (Oct 1987). "Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin on leukemic erythroid colony formation in human early erythroblastic leukemias". Blood 70 (4): 965-73

[7] Jelkmann W. (Mar 2011). "Regulation of erythropoietin production". Journal of physiology 589 (Pt 6): 1251-8 doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.195057

[8] Moore E. M., Bellomo R., Nichol A. D. (Mai 2011). "Erythropoietin as a novel brain and kidney protective agent". Aanaesthesia and intensive care 39 (3): 356-72 doi:10.1177/0310057X1103900306

[9] Wakhloo D., Scharkowski F., Curto Y., Butt U. J., Bansal V., Steixner-Kumar A. A., Wüstefeld L., Rajput A., Arinrad S., Zillmann M. R., et al. (Mar 2020). "Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin". Nature communications 11 (1): 1313 doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1

[10] Newton S. S., Sathyanesan M. (Sep 2021). "Erythropoietin and Non-Erythropoietic Derivatives in Cognition". Frontiers in pharmacology doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.728725

[1]