Thysanoptera

Formae alatae et sine alis

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Animalia — Arthropoda

Eumetabola 
Classis : Insecta 
Paraneoptera 
Subclassis : Pterygota 
Ordo : Thysanoptera 
Haliday, 1836

   

Palaeontologia

299–0 m.a.: 

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Permiano – recens

Subdivisiones: Subordines et familiae

Terebrantia

Adiheterothripidae

Aeolothripidae

Fauriellidae

† Hemithripidae

Heterothripidae

† Jezzinothripidae

† Karataothripidae

Melanthripidae

Merothripidae

† Scudderothripidae

Stenurothripidae

Thripidae

† Triassothripidae

Uzelothripidae

Tubulifera

Phlaeothripidae

Synonyma

Physopoda^[1]

Thysanoptera sunt ordo insectorum minutorum (plerumque 1 millimetrum longorum vel minus) et tenuium, quibus sunt alae fimbriatae partesque orales unice asymmetricae. Variae thysanopterorum species plerumque plantis vescuntur, caules, folia, flores pungentes et res contentas exsugentes, sed paucae sunt praedatores. Entomologi 6000 fere specierum descripserunt. Thysanoptera infirme volant quia suae alae plumosae volatu haud idoneae sunt; potius, ratione inusitata utuntur ut per aer moveantur.

Multae thysanoptera species in commercio pestes frugum magni momenti sunt. Nonnullae species vectoribus plus quam viginti virorum biologicorum prosunt, quae morbos plantarum efficiunt, praecipue tospovirorum. Nonnullae autem species homini prosunt, pollinatores vel praedatores aliorum insectorum vel acarorum. In circumiectis idoneis, sicut caldariis, multitudo multarum specierum exponentialiter^? cresci possunt, magna examina constituentes, propter naturales praedatores absentis et eorum facultatem sui non sexualiter propagandi. Praeterea, domus invadere et supellectilem, lectos, monitoria computatralia, aliasque res infestare possunt.^[2] Agnoscere species per usitatas proprietates morphologicas saepe difficillimum est.

Constat inter eruditos Thysanoptera esse sororem Hemipterorum gregem.^[3] Eorum autem phylogenia minime investigatur.

Familiae insequentes anno 2013 agnoscebantur:^[4][5]

• Subordo Terebrantia

  

• Adiheterothripidae Shumsher, 1946 (11 genera)
• Aeolothripidae Uzel, 1895 (29 genera)
• Fauriellidae Priesner, 1949 (4 genera)
• †Hemithripidae Bagnall, 1923 (unum genus fossile, Hemithrips, cui sunt saltem quindecim quindecim species)
• Heterothripidae Bagnall, 1912 (septem genera, solum in Mundo Novo)
• †Jezzinothripidae zur Strassen, 1973 (a nonnullis auctoribus in Merothripidas digestae)
• †Karataothripidae Sharov, 1972 (una species fossilis, Karataothrips jurassicus)
• Melanthripidae Bagnall, 1913 (sex genera quae floribus vescuntur)
• Merothripidae Hood, 1914 (quinque genera, plerumque Neotropica et fungis lignei sicci vescentia)
• †Scudderothripidae zur Strassen, 1973 (a nonnullis auctoribus in Stenurothripidas digestae)
• Thripidae Stephens, 1829 (292 genera in quattuor subfamiliis, flores habitantes)
• †Triassothripidae Grimaldi & Shmakov, 2004 (duo genera fossilia)
• Uzelothripidae Hood, 1952 (una species, Uzelothrips scabrosus)

• Subordo Tubulifera

• Phlaeothripidae Uzel, 1895 (447 genera in duabus subfamiliis, quae hyphis et sporis fungorum vescuntur)

• Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1969. Indian Thysanoptera. Dellii: Publications & Information Directorate, C[ouncil of] S[cientific and] I[ndustrial] R[esearch].
• Buckman, Rebecca S., Laurence A. Mound, et Michael F. Whiting. 2012. "Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci." Systematic Entomology 38 (1): 123–133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00650.x.
• Chiasson, Hélène. 1986. A synopsis of the Thysanoptera (thrips) of Canada. Ste. Anne De Bellevue Quebeci: Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, MacDonald College, McGill University.
• Fedor, Peter J., Martina Doricova, Pavol Prokop, Laurence A. Mound. 2010. "Heinrich Uzel, the father of Thysanoptera studies." Zootaxa 2645: 55–63. PDF. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2645.1.3.
• Li, Hu, et al. 2015. "Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences." Scientific Reports 5: 8527. doi:10.1038/srep08527. PMID 25704094. PMC 4336943. Bibcode 2015NatSR...5E8527L.
• Mound, Lawrence A. 2011. "Order Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836." In Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness, ed. Z.-Q. Zhang, 201–202 .Zootaxa 3148. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.38. PDF.
• Priesner, Hermann. 1964. Ordnung Thysanoptera (Fransenflügler, Thripse). Berolini: Akademie-Verlag.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Thysanoptera spectant.

Vide "Thysanoptera" apud Vicispecies.

• "Thrips of the World" (index).
• "Thrips species." Situs interretialis viciformis.
• Picturae thysanopterorum in "Pests and Diseases Image Library (PaDIL)" Australiae.
• "University of California Pest Management Guidelines for Thrips."
• "University of California Thrips Identification."
• CISR: Center for Invasive Species Research Fact Sheets
  • "Avocado Thrips."
  • "Western Flower Thrips."
  • "Myoporum Thrips."
• Featured Creatures Universitatis Floridensis / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
  • "Frankliniella schultzei, common blossom thrips (Thripidae)."
  • "Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, greenhouse thrips (Thripidae)."
  • "Scirtothrips dorsalis, chilli thrips (Thripidae)."
  • "Selenothrips rubrocinctus, redbanded thrips (Thripidae)."
  • "Thrips palmi, melon thrips (Thripidae)."
  • "Thrips simplex, gladiolus thrips (Thripidae)."