Euglenida

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protozoa
Subregnum: Eozoa
Infraregnum: Euglenozoa
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Subphylum: Plicostoma
Classis: Euglenoidea
Subclassis: Euglenia
Ordo: Euglenida
Familiae: Euglenaceae – Phacaceae

Euglenida Lank., Encycl. Brit. ed. 9, 19: 857 (1885) (“Euglenoidea”)

Alternative botanical spelling: Euglenales

• Homotypic
  • Euglenida F.Stein, 1878 nom. nud.
  • Euglenina Buetschli in Bronn’s Kl. Ordn. Thier-Reichs 1: 818 (1884) (“Euglenoidina”), pro subord. (Alternative botanical spelling: Euglenineae)

• Heterotypic
  • Euglenocapsales Koidz., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 7 (1933)
  • Colaciales G.M.Smith, Crypt. Bot. 1: 148 (1938)
    • Colaciineae Beger, Engler’s Syllabus, ed. 12, 1: 91 (1954) (“Colaciinales”), pro subord.
    • Euglenamorphina Leedale, Euglen. Flagell. 66 (1967) (“Euglenamorphina”), pro zool. subord.
    • Phacina Likhachev, Sist. Evglenid: 61 (1999) (“Phacusidia”), pro zool. subord.
  • Trachelomonadida Likhachev, Sist. Evglenid: 68 (1999) (“Trachelomonoida”), pro zool. ord.

Synonyms:

• sensu lato (Leedale, 1967; Simpson, 1997; Adl et al., 2012): Euglenoidea Lankester, 1885
• sensu stricto (Stein, 1878; Cavalier-Smith, 2016): Euglenales Leedale, 1967

• Stein, F. von 1878. Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. III. Abtheilung. Die Naturgeschichte der Flagellaten oder Geisselinfusorien. I. Hälfte, den noch nicht abgeschlossenen allgemeinen Theil, nebst Erklärung der sämmtlichen Abbildungen enthaltend. pp. i–x, 1–154, pls I–XXIV. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. BHL Google Books Reference page. 
• Lankester, E.R. 1885. Protozoa. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ed. 9, 19: 830–866. Google Books Reference page. 
• Beger, H. 1954. Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta. In: Melchior, H. & Werdermann, E. (eds.) A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. 12. Aufl. I. Band: Allgemeiner Teil. Bakterien bis Gymnospermen. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger. ISBN 978-3-443-39015-0. Reference page. 
• Leedale, G.F. 1967. Euglenoid Flagellates. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. (Concepts of modern biology series.) Internet Archive PDF Reference page. 
• Likhachev, S.F. (Лихачев, С.Ф.) 1999. Система эвгленид [System of Euglenids]. / Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А. И. Герцена. - СПб. : [Изд-во РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена], 1999. - 120 с.; 20 см. (Russian) Reference page. 

• Leander, B.S., Lax, G., Karnkowska, A., Simpson, A.G.B. (2017). Euglenida. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-42. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_13-1

• Stein, F. von 1878. Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. III. Abtheilung. Die Naturgeschichte der Flagellaten oder Geisselinfusorien. I. Hälfte, den noch nicht abgeschlossenen allgemeinen Theil, nebst Erklärung der sämmtlichen Abbildungen enthaltend. pp. i–x, 1–154, pls I–XXIV. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. BHL Google Books Reference page. 

• Infusionthiere
  • Flagellaten oder Geisselinfusorien
    • Euglenida
      • Euglena, Colacium, Ascoglena, Trachelomonas

• Leedale, G.F. 1967. Euglenoid Flagellates. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. (Concepts of modern biology series.) Internet Archive PDF Reference page. 

Phylum Euglenophyta [botanical classification]

• Class Euglenophyceae
  • Order Eutreptiales
  • Order Euglenales
  • Order Rhabdomonadales
  • Order Sphenomonadales
  • Order Heteronematales
  • Order Euglenamorphales

Phylum Protozoa

• Division Flagellata
  • Class Euglenida or Euglenineae [zoological classification]
    • Order Euglenida
      • Suborder Eutreptiina
      • Suborder Euglenina
      • Suborder Rhabdomonadina
      • Suborder Sphenomonadina
      • Suborder Heteronematina
      • Suborder Euglenamorphina

From N. D. Levine; J. O. Corliss; F. E. G. Cox; G. Deroux; J. Grain; B. M. Honigberg; G. F. Leedale; A. R. Loeblich, III; J. Lom; D. Lynn; E. G. Merinfeld; F. C. Page; G. Poljansky; V. Sprague; J. Vavra; and F. G. Wallace (1980). A newly revised classification of the Protozoa. J. Protozool., 27:37–58, [1].

Subkingdom Protozoa

• Phylum Sarcomastigophora
  • Subphylum Mastigophora
    • Class Phytomastigophorea
      • Order 3. Euglenida
        • Suborder 1. Eutreptiina
        • Suborder 2. Euglenina
        • Suborder 3. Rhabdomonadina
        • Suborder 4. Sphenomonadina
        • Suborder 5. Heteronematina
        • Suborder 6. Euglenamorphina

Walne, P.L. & Kivic, P.A., 1990[1989]. 15. Phylum Euglenida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 270-287. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [2].

Kingdom Protoctista

• Section III: Phyla with flagellated stages, but without complex sexual cycles
  • Phylum 15. Euglenida
    • Class Euglenophyceae
      • Order Eutreptiales
      • Order Euglenales
      • Order Rhabdomonadales
      • Order Sphenomonadales
      • Order Heteronematales
      • Order Euglenamorphales

From Hausmann, K., N. Hülsmann. Protozoology. Thieme Verlag; New York, 1996. [3]

Empire Eukaryota

• Kingdom Mastigota
  • Subkingdom Dimastigota
    • Superphylum Metakaryota
      • Phylum Euglenozoa
        • Subphylum Euglenida
          • Class Euglenoidea
          • Class Hemimastigophorea
        • Subphylum Kinetoplasta
        • Subphylum Pseudociliata

Simpson, A. G. (1997). The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 148(3), 318-328, [4].

Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981

• Euglenids (Euglenida Bütschli, 1884)
• Kinetoplastids (Kinetoplastida Honigberg, 1963)
• Diplonemids (Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
• Postgaardi Fenchel et al., 1995
• Calkinsia Lackey, 1960

• Leedale, G.F. 2002 ["2000"]. Class Euglenoidea Bütschli, 1884, order Euglenida Bütschli, 1884. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. (eds.), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 1136–1157, [5]

In “protozoa”, “flagellated protists”,

• Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
  • "euglenids" (Class Euglenoidea Bütschli, 1884, Order Euglenida Bütschli, 1884)

From The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists, [6].

Eukaryota

• Excavata
  • Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981, emend. Simpson, 1997
    • Euglenida Bütschli, 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
      • Heteronematina Leedale, 1967 (P)
      • Euglenea Bütschli, 1884, emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002
      • Aphagea Cavalier-Smith, 1993, emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002
    • Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993, emend. Simpson, 1997
    • Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963
    • Incertae sedis Euglenozoa: Calkinsia, Postgaardi

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Excavata Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
  • Discoba Simpson in Hampl et al. 2009 (R)
    • Discicristata Cavalier-Smith 1998
      • Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981, emend. Simpson 1997
        • Euglenida Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
          • Heteronematina Leedale 1967 (P)
            • Anisonema, Dinema, Entosiphon, Heteronema, Lentomonas, Metanema, Notosolenus, Peranema, Petalomonas, Ploeotia
            • [Alternative classification of Heteronematina:
              • Ploeotiida (Ploeotia, Entosiphon, Lentomonas, ?Keelungia)
              • Petalomonadida (Petalomonas, Notosolenus, Calycimonas, ?Sphenomonas)]
          • Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003 (= Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002)
            • Rapaza Yamaguchi et al. 2012 (M)
            • Eutreptiales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003
              • Eutreptia, Eutreptiella
            • Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002 [emend. Adl et al. 2012?] (= Euglenales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003)
              • Phacaceae Kim et al. 2010
                • Discoplastis, Lepocinclis, Phacus
              • Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841, emend. Kim et al. 2010
                • Ascoglena, Colacium, Cryptoglena, Cyclidiopsis, Euglena, Euglenaria, Euglenopsis, Monomorphina, Strombomonas, Trachelomonas
          • Aphagea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002
            • Astasia sensu stricto, Distigma, Distigmopsis, Menoidium, Rhabdomonas

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2016. Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa. European Journal of Protistology 56: 250–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003 . PMID: 27889663 . Reference page. 

Phylum Euglenozoa

• Subphylum Euglenoida ["euglenoids"; Euglenoidea, if treated as a class; not Euglenida, as in Adl et al., 2012]
  • Infraphylum Entosiphona
  • Infraphylum Dipilida
    • Superclass Rigimonada
    • Superclass Spirocuta
      • Class Peranemea
      • Class Euglenophyceae
        • Subclass Rapazia
        • Subclass Euglenophycidae [not Euglenea, as in Busse & Preisfeld, 2002]
          • Order Eutreptiida (=Eutreptiales)
          • Order Euglenida ["euglenids"]
            • Family Euglenidae [not Euglenea, as in Adl et al., 2012]
            • Family Phacidae (=Phacaceae)
            • Family Euglenamorphidae
• Subphylum Postgaardia
• Subphylum Glycomonada

Leander, B.S., Lax, G., Karnkowska, A., Simpson, A.G.B. (2017). Euglenida. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-42. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_13-1

• Euglenida [“euglenids", or "euglenoids"]
  • Petalomonadida (e.g., Petalomonas, Notosolenus, Scytomonas, Sphenomonas)
  • “Ploeotiids”(*) (e.g., Ploeotia, Entosiphon, Keelungia)
  • Symbiontida (Bihospites, Calkinsia, and Postgaardi)
  • Spirocuta (formerly “H clade” or “HP clade”)
    • Aphagea (e.g., Rhabdomonas, Menoidium, Distigma, Astasia)
    • Neometanema
    • “Anisonemids” (Anisonema, Dinema)
    • “Peranemids”(*) (e.g., Peranema, Jenningsia, Heteronema, Urceolus)
    • Euglenophyceae
      • Rapaza
      • Eutreptiales (e.g., Eutreptia, Eutreptiella)
      • Euglenales (= Euglenea)
        • Phacaceae (Lepocinclis, Phacus, and Discoplastis)
        • Euglenaceae (e.g., Euglena, Colacium, and Trachelomonas)

[(*) paraphyletic assemblages.]