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1990 South Sudan earthquakes

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1990 South Sudan earthquakes
1990 South Sudan earthquakes is located in South Sudan
Juba
Juba
1990 South Sudan earthquakes
1990 South Sudan earthquakes is located in Africa
Juba
Juba
1990 South Sudan earthquakes
UTC time1990-05-20 02:22:01
 1990-05-24 19:34:44
 1990-05-24 20:00:08
 1990-07-09 15:11:20
ISC event369792
 370208
 370216
 362203
USGS-ANSSComCat
 ComCat
 ComCat
 ComCat
Local dateMay 20, 1990 to July 9, 1990
Local time04:22:01
 21:34:44
 22:00:08
 17:11:20
Magnitude7.2 Mw[1]
 6.5 Mw[2]
 7.1 Mw[3]
 6.6 Mw[4]
Epicenter5°07′16″N 32°08′42″E / 5.121°N 32.145°E / 5.121; 32.145
TypeStrike-slip & Normal
Areas affectedSouth Sudan
Total damageYes
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)[5]
Casualties31 dead[6]

In 1990, present day South Sudan was rocked by a series of violent earthquakes. It started with the largest event (Mw 7.2), and continued with multiple very large aftershocks for the next couple of months. The earthquake sequence ruptured over a length of 50 km (31 mi). It contains some of the largest recorded earthquakes anywhere in Africa.

Tectonic setting

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The East African Rift System (EARS) is a system of rifts and associated rift lakes within the eastern portion of the African continent. It accommodates the internal breakup of Africa. It is a boundary between the Somali and African plate. The Victoria and Rovuma microplates help accommodate additional more local stresses. The eastern portion of the rift runs from the Afar rift to Tanzania, while the western portion runs from Lake Albert (Africa) in Uganda all the way down to Mozambique.[7]

The Aswa Rift Zone (ARZ) is an important geologic structure in the area near the earthquakes. The ARZ may act as a broad zone of faulting that links together the eastern and western portions of the EARS.[8] The mainshock occurred along a fault where the ARZ and EARS meet.[9]

Earthquake sequence

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May 20 mainshock

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The first and largest earthquake in the sequence struck near Juba at 02:22:01 on May 20, 1990. The event had a mb  of 6.5-6.7, Ms  of 7.1-7.4, and Mw  of 7.2, and struck at a depth of 7–15 km (4.3–9.3 mi).[i] Its focal mechanism shows left-lateral (sinistral) strike-slip faulting, which is consistent with the shear forces in the area of the ARZ.[7] The earthquake ruptured over an area of 26–60 km (16–37 mi) by 40 km (25 mi). The average slip in the rupture was 0.56–1.1 m (1 ft 10 in – 3 ft 7 in) and it had a stress drop of 1.63-1.65 MPa.[15][13] The earthquake had an aftershock length of 120 km (75 mi).[16] The earthquake was preceded by a low-frequency slow slip signal immediately before the high-frequency main event, which could mean the event was an amalgamation of a slow and normal earthquake.[17] The earthquake killed 31 people and damaged some buildings in Juba, and some in Moyo, Uganda. The Nile's banks had fissures, and a bridge near Torit was destroyed. The shock was felt for up to 800 km (500 mi).[18] This event is believed to be the largest earthquake ever recorded in South Sudan, and is one of the largest events known in all of Africa.[5][19]

May 24 foreshock

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At 19:34:44 on May 24, 1990, another large earthquake struck southern South Sudan. It occurred at a depth of 10–14 km (6.2–8.7 mi) with a mb  of 6.1, Ms  of 6.5-6.8 and Mw  of 6.5-6.6.[2][7][9][4] By analyzing body waves, the earthquake was found to have slipped in a normal sense.[20]

May 24 mainshock

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At 20:00:08, only a little over 25 minutes after the foreshock, an even stronger earthquake struck the region: the second strongest of the whole sequence. This event was a mb  6.6, Ms  7.0, Mw  7.1 earthquake that occurred at a depth of 10–40 km (6.2–24.9 mi).[7][9][4] The focal mechanism of the earthquake was normal faulting.[21] It caused additional structural damage to buildings previously affected by the first and strongest shock, however, no casualties occurred.[6] The worst damage was observed in uninhabited areas.[6]

July 9 mainshock

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After the sequence had largely finished, another large shock struck the area for a final time. The last big earthquake in the sequence was a mb  6.0, Ms  6.4-6.5 and Mw  6.6 event. It occurred at a depth of 10–11 km (6.2–6.8 mi).[4] Focal mechanism solutions are split, with a roughly equal proportion of agencies and studies preferring a strike-slip event, with another equal proportion believing it to be a normal faulting event.[22][7][23]

Damage

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The first mainshock killed 31 people and damaged buildings in Juba and Moyo, Uganda. Shaking was felt as far as Nakuru, Kenya.[6] The mainshock of May 24 did further damage. Government buildings and private institutions were damaged in Terekeka, South Sudan.[24] Older buildings in Juba reported cracked walls.[24] Between 8,000 and 10,000 of the displaced required extra relief and shelter.[24] 300,000 people were made homeless across the region as a result of the earthquakes.[25]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ mb 6.5[10]-mb 6.7[11]
    Ms 7.1-7.4[12]
    Mw 7.2[1]
    7 km depth[13]-15 km[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b Gaulon et al. 1992, p. 96.
  2. ^ a b "M 6.5 – 54 km NNE of Juba, South Sudan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  3. ^ "M 7.1 – 63 km NNE of Juba, South Sudan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Ambraseys & Adams 1991.
  5. ^ a b "M 7.2 – 69 km ENE of Juba, South Sudan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1990), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  7. ^ a b c d e Gaulon et al. 1992.
  8. ^ Giardini & Beranzoli 1992.
  9. ^ a b c Mulwa & Kimata 2014.
  10. ^ Girdler & McConnell 1994, p. 68.
  11. ^ Moussa 2008, p. 90.
  12. ^ Giardini & Beranzoli 1992, p. 106.
  13. ^ a b Mulwa & Kimata 2014, p. 493.
  14. ^ Ambraseys & Adams 1991, p. 399.
  15. ^ Moussa 2008, p. 94.
  16. ^ Pegler & Das 1996, p. 906.
  17. ^ Ihmle & Jordan 1994, p. 1547.
  18. ^ Ambraseys & Adams 1991, p. 398.
  19. ^ Gaulon et al. 1992, p. 87.
  20. ^ Gaulon et al. 1992, p. 98.
  21. ^ Girdler & McConnell 1994, p. 67.
  22. ^ "M 6.6 – 60 km N of Juba, South Sudan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  23. ^ "ISC". ISC-GEM. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  24. ^ a b c "Sudan Earthquake May 1990 UNDRO Information Reports 1-2". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  25. ^ "More earthquakes hit Sudan, 300,000 said homeless". UPI. Retrieved 29 August 2022.

Sources

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