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Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos

Coordinates: 33°27′52″S 70°36′38″W / 33.46444°S 70.61056°W / -33.46444; -70.61056
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(Redirected from Estadio Nacional de Chile)
Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos
El Nacional, El Coloso de Ñuñoa
Map
Former namesEstadio Nacional (1938–2008)
LocationAv. Grecia 2001, Estadio Nacional Sports Park, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
Coordinates33°27′52″S 70°36′38″W / 33.46444°S 70.61056°W / -33.46444; -70.61056
Public transit at Estadio Nacional
OwnerMunicipality of Ñuñoa
OperatorChiledeportes
Capacity46,190[1]
Record attendance85,268 (Universidad de Chile–Universidad Católica, 29 December 1962)
Field size105 m x 68 m
SurfaceGrass
Construction
Broke ground1937; 87 years ago (1937)
OpenedDecember 3, 1938; 86 years ago (1938-12-03)
Renovated2009–10
Expanded1962
ReopenedSeptember 12, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-09-12)
Construction cost$18,000,000
ArchitectFrancisco Romero
Tenants
Chile national football team
Universidad de Chile
Palestino
Santiago Morning
Deportes Recoleta
Deportes Melipilla
Real Juventud San Joaquín
Municipal Santiago
Gremio de Santiago
Selknam (rugby club)

Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos (originally known as Estadio Nacional) is the national stadium of Chile, and is located in the Ñuñoa district of Santiago. The stadium, located into the Estadio Nacional Sports Park,[2] is the largest in Chile with an official capacity of 46,190. It is part of a 62 hectare sporting complex which also features tennis courts, an aquatics center, a modern gymnasium, a velodrome, a BMX circuit, and an assistant ground/warmup athletics track.

Construction began in February 1937 and the stadium was inaugurated on December 3, 1938. The architecture was based on the Olympiastadion in Berlin, Germany. The stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA World Cup in 1962, and hosted the final where Brazil defeated Czechoslovakia 3–1. In 1948, the stadium hosted the matches of the South American Championship of Champions, the competition that inspired the creation of the UEFA Champions League[3] and of the Copa Libertadores.[4] The stadium was notoriously used as a mass imprisonment, torture, and extrajudicial execution facility by the Pinochet dictatorship following the 1973 military coup.

In 2009, a complete modernization plan was unveiled for the stadium and surrounding facilities. President Michelle Bachelet said it would become the most modern stadium in South America.[5] By adding a roof above the stands, Bachelet promised the stadium would become an indoor venue, something that was never completed.[6] The stadium was the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, and football venue for the 2014 South American Games, and hosted the opening ceremonies and the athletics during the 2023 Pan American Games and the Parapan American Games.

History

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The stadium was built on former farmland, donated in 1918 by landowner and philanthropist Jose Domingo Cañas. The first sporting event in the new stadium took place on 3 December 1938, with a friendly game between the Chilean club Colo-Colo and Brazilian club São Cristóvão. Colo-Colo won 6–3.

It has hosted all matches of the 1941, 1945 and 1955 South American Football Championships, and several matches of the 1991 and 2015 Copa América.

The stadium hosted the final stages of the 1959 World Basketball Championship. It was held outdoors because the intended venue, the Metropolitan Indoor Stadium, was not ready in time.

In the early 1960s, under the government of Jorge Alessandri, the stadium was expanded to host the 1962 FIFA World Cup. The main change was that the velodrome that surrounded the stadium was replaced by galleries, thereby increasing its original capacity to around 95,000.

The stadium hosted group stage games between Italy, West Germany, Switzerland and Chile, including a notoriously ill-tempered and violent clash between Italy and Chile which became known as the Battle of Santiago. Also held at the ground were a quarter-final, a semi-final, the third place play-off, and the final, in which Brazil was crowned world champions for the second time. In the third-place play-off, Chile defeated Yugoslavia 1–0, marking the team's greatest success in international football.

Today, the ground serves as the home field for both the national team and the first-division club Universidad de Chile. It also hosts non-sporting events, such as political celebrations, charity events and concerts.

The stadium has been used since 1995 to 2022 as the final leg of the Telethon with Don Francisco, a 28-hour telecast. The stadium holds up to 100,000 people for this annual event with the Jumbotron showing the required amount to reach the goal and its current donation. Exceptions were in 2014 and 2020; the first one was canceled due to bad weather conditions and the second due to the protection after the social outbreak.

On July 5, 2008, the stadium was officially renamed Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos, in honor of a recently deceased sports journalist.[7]

Use as a detention center

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Estadio Nacional de Chile after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état

After the coup d'état of September 11, 1973, that ousted President Salvador Allende, the stadium began to be used as a detention facility. An article in the Harvard Review of Latin America reported that "there were over 80 detention centers in Santiago alone" and gave details of the National Stadium and others.[8]

Over 40,000 people spent time in the compound during the junta regime. Twelve thousand detainees were interned between September 11 and November 7.[9] The field and gallery were used to hold men, while women were held in the swimming pool changing rooms and associated buildings. Locker rooms and corridors were all used as prison facilities while interrogations were carried out in the velodrome.[10] The Red Cross estimated that 7,000 prisoners occupied the stadium at one point, of whom about 300 were foreigners. According to the testimonies of survivors collected by the humanitarian group, detainees were tortured and threatened with death by shooting. Some were actually shot or taken to unknown locations for execution. Pinochet and other members of the junta would often take turns hollering and swearing at the detainees over the stadium's public address system.

FIFA President Sir Stanley Rous insisted the USSR team play a World Cup qualifier at the time. They however refused to do so and Chile qualified automatically for the 1974 World Cup, where they failed to advance from a group containing both West and East Germany and Australia.

The use of the stadium during the coup d'état is depicted in the 2002 documentary film Estadio Nacional, directed and produced by Carmen Luz Parot, and in the 2007 Swedish film The Black Pimpernel, which is based on the story of Swedish ambassador in Chile Harald Edelstam and his heroic actions to protect the lives of over 1,200 people during and after the military coup. The Black Pimpernel was shot on location in Santiago. The 1982 film Missing by Greek filmmaker Costa-Gavras depicts the September 11, 1973, coup d'état and execution of American journalists Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi at the Estadio Nacional.

In 2011, Chile set aside a section of the stadium, a section of old wooden bleachers called "Escotilla 8", to honor the prisoners who were detained there. It is surrounded by a barbed wire fence.[11]

2009–2010 renovation

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Marcelo Salas farewell match, June 2, 2009

On June 15, 2009, President Michelle Bachelet announced several infrastructure improvements in order to modernize the stadium and its immediate facilities. Out of the total 24 billion pesos (US$42.3 million) contemplated in the plan, 20 billion pesos (US$35.3 million) are destined to bring the stadium up to modern standards. The changes include, a roof covering all the seats, which will also provide illumination; installation of seats around the entire stadium, lowering the current capacity to 47,000; a new state-of-the-art scoreboard; a 2.5 m deep 2 m wide pit will separate the track and the spectators to replace the fence; and several other changes. Because the stadium is a national monument the façade will remain the same, with the roof structure placed on top, without modifying the exterior. The stadium was closed on August 15, 2009. The stadium was scheduled to be reinaugurated in March 2010 to stage a double friendly match between Chile and North Korea and Panama, but the works were not finished on time. The construction of the roof has since been postponed by the government of President Sebastián Piñera due to financial constraints brought about by the February 27, 2010 earthquake. Although the stadium suffered minor damage from the earthquake, it partially opened to host the match between C.F. Universidad de Chile and C.D. Guadalajara for Copa Libertadores 2010. It was officially re-inaugurated on September 12, 2010, during Chile's bicentennial festivities.

2014 South American Games renovation

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On September 12, 2010, during the Chilean bicentennial festivities, President Sebastián Piñera announced that the capacity of the stadium will be increased so as to reach 70,000 seats for the 2014 South American Games that will take place in Santiago.[12] The works are expected to begin in 2012.[13]

On June 3, 2011, further renovation plans were announced by the government. The complete area surrounding the stadium will be turned into a park to be called "Citizenry Park" (Parque de la Ciudadanía). Over 70% of the new 64-hectare park will consist of green areas, and the rest will include new infrastructure such as a lagoon or restaurants. The new park is expected to be ready for the 2014 games. New sporting venues will be built for the 2014 games, such as two modern gymnasiums, a new heated pool for synchronized swimming, a renovated velodrome and an expanded CAR, which will also serve as residence of the future Ministry of Sports. The only venues that will remain are the stadium, the main tennis court, the velodrome, the CAR, the athletics track, the skating track, the hockey field and the caracolas.[14]

Attendances

[edit]

The highest attendance for a match at Estadio Nacional to date is 85,268, for a Primera Division match played on December 29, 1962; Universidad de Chile defeated Universidad Catolica 4–1.[citation needed] In the 2016–17 season, Universidad de Chile drew an average home league attendance of 30,041 for the Apertura and 33,466 for the Clausura.[15]

1962 FIFA World Cup

[edit]

Estadio Nacional hosted ten games of the 1962 FIFA World Cup, including the final matches.

Date Time (UTC−04) Team No. 1 Res. Team No. 2 Round Attendance
30 May 1962 15:00  Chile 3–1   Switzerland Group 3 65,006
31 May 1962 15:00  West Germany 0–0  Italy Group 3 65,440
2 June 1962 15:00  Chile 2–0  Italy Group 3 66,057
3 June 1962 15:00  West Germany 2–1   Switzerland Group 3 64,922
6 June 1962 15:00  West Germany 2–0  Chile Group 3 67,224
7 June 1962 15:00  Italy 3–0   Switzerland Group 3 59,828
10 June 1962 14:30  Yugoslavia 1–0  West Germany Quarter-finals 63,324
13 June 1962 14:30  Brazil 4–2  Chile Semi-finals 76,594
16 June 1962 14:30  Chile 1–0  Yugoslavia Third place play-off 66,697
17 June 1962 14:30  Brazil 3–1  Czechoslovakia Final 68,679

Concerts

[edit]
In 2008, Madonna was the first international artist to perform two concerts in two consecutive days in the stadium since 1990. Pictured, the second show of her Sticky & Sweet Tour in the venue.
The U2 360° Tour became the biggest stage structure built inside the stadium to date.

The stadium hosts many international and national concerts during the year. In 1977, Spanish singer Julio Iglesias was the first musical act and first solo artist to perform in the stadium.[16] Years later, in 1989, Rod Stewart performed what is considered the first proper rock concert by an international artist in the venue, drawing 70,000 fans, with the show being broadcast on TV throughout the country.[17] After that, the city started being included in many tours from international artists, using several facilities from the Stadium park. In 2001, Chilean band Los Prisioneros became the first act to perform two consecutive days in the stadium, while Madonna is considered the first international artist to achieve the same in 2008. In 2022, Puerto Rican star Daddy Yankee became the first act to sell out three concerts in the venue on a single day,[18] while British band Coldplay became the first act to schedule three and four consecutive concerts as part of the same tour.[19][20] In 2023, Chilean band Los Bunkers became the second local act to book two consecutive concerts in the venue, after Los Prisioneros achieved the same in 2001.[21] In 2024, Colombian singer Karol G became the first solo female act to sell out three consecutive concerts in the venue.[22]

Recordings of concerts at the stadium have been commercially released. The show of Cuban folk singer Silvio Rodríguez in March 1990 was released on a 2CD set titled Silvio Rodríguez en Chile, while both concerts of Los Prisioneros in late 2001 were released on cassette and CD as Estadio Nacional, and on VHS and DVD as Lo Estamos Pasando Muy Bien. English heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded their show in the venue during The Final Frontier World Tour in April 2011. The show was released on CD, LP, DVD and Blu-ray as En Vivo! in March 2012.[23][24]

The following is a list of concerts, showing date, artist or band, tour, opening acts and attendance, separated by decade.

Notes
  1. ^ a b c This show took place on the adjacent Tennis Court.
  2. ^ a b c The David Bowie, Bryan Adams and Eric Clapton concerts on 27, 28 and 29 September 1990 were promoted as part of the Rock In Chile Festival, but are considered part of their own tours.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j This show took place on the adjacent National Velodrome.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u This show took place on the adjacent Racing Track.
  5. ^ a b The David Bowie and Erasure concerts on 5 and 6 November 1997 were promoted as part of the Santiago Music Rock Festival, but are considered part of their own tours.
  6. ^ The Lenny Kravitz concert on 9 March 2005 was originally announced to take place on 10 March, but it was rescheduled due to logistical issues.[27]
  7. ^ The Shakira concert on 11 March 2011 was promoted as part of the Pop Fest, but is considered part of its own tour.[28]
  8. ^ The Foo Fighters concert on 15 January 2015 was originally scheduled to take place in the main field, but it was moved to the Athletic track for logistic reasons.[29]
  9. ^ This show took place on the adjacent Sports Complex.
  10. ^ The Ricardo Arjona concert on 28 September 2018 was originally scheduled to take place in the main field, but it was moved to the Athletic track for logistic reasons.[30]
  11. ^ This concert will take place in the Estadio Nacional Park facilities.
  • A concert by American artist Michael Jackson on October 21, part of his Dangerous World Tour, was cancelled on the same day due to health problems.[31] Another performance on 23 October 1993 went on as scheduled.
  • A concert by American Band Maroon 5, part of their 2020 Tour, was originally scheduled to take place at the Stadium on 28 February 2020, but it was moved to the Estadio Bicentenario de La Florida keeping the same date.[32]
  • A concert by Argentinian band Soda Stereo, part of their Gracias Totales - Soda Stereo concert series, was originally scheduled to take place at the Stadium on 7 March 2020, before being rescheduled several times during the pandemic, being ultimately moved to the Estadio Monumental David Arellano on 3 May 2022.[33]
  • A concert by American heavy metal band Metallica, part of their WorldWired Tour, was originally scheduled to take place at the Stadium on 15 April 2020, before being rescheduled several times during the pandemic, being ultimately moved to the Club Hípico, and made part of their 2022 Tour.[34][35]
  • A concert by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, part of his Justice World Tour, was scheduled on 7 September 2022, before being cancelled the day before due to Bieber proritizing his health.[36][37]

Capacity

[edit]

The stadium was built with an original capacity of 48,000 spectators in 1937. At the time, some considered it a "white elephant" because it was thought that it could never be filled. The term also alluded to the charges of corruption against the administration of Arturo Alessandri, which oversaw the stadium's costly construction.[38]

For the 1962 FIFA World Cup, seating capacity was increased to 74,000 with overflow areas allowing for a total of more than 80,000 people, by eliminating the cycling track that was moved to another location. Over the years, seating capacity was reduced to keep escape routes clear and prevent accidents.

For the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics, the installation of individual seats was required, which reduced capacity to 66,000 spectators. This requirement ensured that the stadium could not exceed capacity, as seen with the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1987 (believed to be attended by more than 90,000 people, though no accurate measurement could be taken as attendance was free, with no control), or the closing of the Telethon. The official capacity of the stadium as of 2014 is 48,665.[39]

References

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  1. ^ "Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos". estadioseguro.gob.cl. 12 October 2024.
  2. ^ Mondaca, Gabriela (19 July 2024). "Parque Estadio Nacional: el nuevo pulmón verde de la RM abre sus puertas" [Estadio Nacional Park: the new green lung of the Metropolitan Region opens its gates]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Copesa. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  3. ^ Globo Esporte TV Programme, Brazil, May 10, 2015: Especial: Liga dos Campeões completa 60 anos, e Neymar ajuda a contar essa história. Accessed on December 6th 2015. In this interview to the Brazilian sports TV programme Globo Esporte, Jacques Ferran (the creator of the European Champions Cup) states that the South American Championship of Champions was his inspiration for the creation of the European continental competition. Ferran's speech goes from 5:02 to 6:51 in the video. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "Copa Libertadores. Historia". www.conmebol.com. CONMEBOL. 24 January 2015.
  5. ^ "Estadio Nacional costará US$ 42 millones y la "Roja" se va al Monumental". La Tercera (in Spanish). 2009-06-16. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
  6. ^ "Bachelet confirmó que Estadio Nacional será techado y sin rejas". 15 June 2009.
  7. ^ "Publicada Ley que denomina Julio Martínez al Estadio Nacional de Santiago – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile" (in Spanish). Bcn.cl. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  8. ^ "Harvard Review of Latin America: Chile's National Stadium, with details on several detention centers". Drclas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  9. ^ "Chile Audio Visual". Consejodelacultura.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  10. ^ Carmen Luz Parot, 2002, Estadio Nacional. Documental (National Stadium Documentary). Produced by Sello Alerce, Chile, 2002.
  11. ^ "The Soccer Match That Should Have Never Been Played". medium.com. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  12. ^ "La Tercera Edición Impresa". Diario.latercera.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  13. ^ "La Tercera Edición Impresa". Diario.latercera.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  14. ^ "Parque del Estadio Nacional tendrá una laguna, restaurantes y cafés | Santiago | La Tercera Edición Impresa". Diario.latercera.com. 1990-01-01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  15. ^ "Primera División 2016/2017 Clausura – Attendance". worldfootball.net. 22 December 2018.
  16. ^ Vergara, Claudio (22 September 2023). "Cuando Julio Iglesias orquestó el primer megaevento chileno en el Estadio Nacional" [When Julio Iglesias orchestrated Chile's first mega-event at the National Stadium]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Copesa. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  17. ^ Muñoz, Héctor (7 March 2023). "Rod Stewart y el primer mega concierto en Chile" [Rod Stewart and the first mega-concert in Chile]. Futuro. Ibero Americana Radio Chile. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Histórico: Daddy Yankee agotó sus tres shows en el Estadio Nacional" [Historic: Daddy Yankee sold out his three shows at the National Stadium]. Radio Cooperativa. Compañía Chilena de Comunicaciones S.A. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  19. ^ Ramírez, Natacha (2022-04-07). "Coldplay anuncia tercer concierto en Chile: Por primera vez una banda realizará tres shows seguidos en el Estadio Nacional" [Coldplay announces third concert in Chile: For the first time a band will perform three consecutive shows in the National Stadium]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  20. ^ Retamal, Felipe (2022-05-23). "Coldplay marca récord y suma cuarto show en el Estadio Nacional" [Coldplay sets record and adds fourth show at Estadio Nacional]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Copesa. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  21. ^ Vergara, Claudio (2023-09-05). "Los Bunkers fijan segundo show en el Estadio Nacional e igualan la marca de Los Prisioneros" [Los Bunkers set second show at Estadio Nacional and match Los Prisioneros' record]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  22. ^ "Karol G: la primera mujer en llenar tres Estadios Nacionales seguidos se presenta hoy en Chile" [Karol G: the first woman to fill three National Stadiums in a row performs today in Chile]. El Mostrador (in Spanish). La Plaza S.A. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  23. ^ "Iron Maiden En Chile, 60.000 aficionados disfrutaron del espectáculo". YouTube. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  24. ^ "Iron Maiden To Release 'En Vivo!' Concert Blu-Ray, Two-DVD Set And Double Soundtrack Album". Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  25. ^ "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company. 6 December 1993.
  26. ^ "Luismi suena fuerte". La Nación. 30 November 1999. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  27. ^ "Concierto de Lenny Kravitz en Chile se reprogramó para el 9 de marzo" [Lenny Kravitz concert in Chile rescheduled for March 9th]. Radio Cooperativa. Compañía Chilena de Comunicaciones S.A. 21 January 2005. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  28. ^ "Pop Fest reveló programación del festival que encabeza Shakira" [Pop Fest unveils lineup for festival headlined by Shakira]. Radio Cooperativa (in Spanish). Compañía Chilena de Comunicaciones. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  29. ^ "Confirman que Foo Fighters se presentará en Pista Atlética del Estadio Nacional" [Foo Fighters Confirmed to Perform at the National Stadium Athletic Track]. Radio Bío-Bío (in Spanish). Bío-Bío Comunicaciones. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  30. ^ "Show de Ricardo Arjona se traslada a la Pista Atlética" [Ricardo Arjona show moves to the Athletic Track]. Radio Cooperativa (in Spanish). Compañía Chilena de Comunicaciones S.A. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  31. ^ Rojas, Felipe (23 October 2018). "El extraño ambiente que marcó el primer recital suspendido de Jackson en Chile" [The strange atmosphere that marked Jackson's first cancelled concert in Chile]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Copesa. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  32. ^ "Concierto de Maroon 5 se traslada del Estadio Nacional al Bicentenario de La Florida" [Maroon 5 concert moves from the National Stadium to the Bicentenario de La Florida]. La Tercera (in Spanish). December 3, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  33. ^ "Definitivo: show Gracias Totales homenaje a Soda Stereo se cambia al Estadio Monumental y en nueva fecha" [Definitive: Gracias Totales - Soda Stereo tribute show moves to Estadio Monumental on a new date]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Copesa. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  34. ^ "Concierto de Metallica en Chile ya tendría lugar tras polémica por cancelación del show en el Estadio Nacional" [Metallica concert in Chile would have a venue after controversy over the cancellation of the show at the National Stadium]. ADN Radio Chile (in Spanish). Ibero Americana Radio Chile. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Definitivo: Metallica tocará en el Club Hípico y mantiene la fecha de su show" [Definitive: Metallica will play at Club Hipico and keeps the date of their show.]. La Tercera (in Spanish). Copesa. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  36. ^ DeSantis, Rachel (September 6, 2022). "Justin Bieber Postpones Remaining Tour Dates to Make His Health the 'Priority Right Now'". People. Dotdash Meredith. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  37. ^ @justicetour (September 15, 2022). "Justice World Tour Announcement" – via Instagram.
  38. ^ Brenda Elsey, Citizens and Sportsmen: Futbol and Politics in Twentieth Century Chile (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011)
  39. ^ "Estadio Nacional de Chile". The Stadium Guide. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estadio Nacional de Chile.
Preceded by South American Championship
Finals Venue
1941 		Succeeded by
Preceded by FIBA World Cup
Final Venue
1959 		Succeeded by
Ginásio do Maracanãzinho
Rio de Janeiro
Preceded by FIFA World Cup
Final Venue
1962 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Copa América
Final Round Matches
1991 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Davis Cup
Final Venue
1976 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Copa América
Final Venue
2015 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Copa Libertadores
Final Venue
2019 		Succeeded by
TBD
TBD
Preceded by Pan American Games
Opening and Closing Ceremonies
2023 		Succeeded by
TBD
TBD

33°27′52″S 70°36′38″W / 33.46444°S 70.61056°W / -33.46444; -70.61056

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