Hyainailourinae

Hyainailourinae; Temporal range: Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Comparison of various Early to Middle Miocene hyaenodonts, including the hyainailurids Hyainailouros sulzeri (top) and Megistotherium osteothlastes (center), and teratodontid Dissopsalis pyroclasticus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Superfamily:	†Hyainailouroidea
Family:	†Hyainailouridae
Subfamily:	†Hyainailourinae; Pilgrim, 1932
Type genus
	†Hyainailouros; Biedermann, 1863
Genera
	[see classification]
Synonyms
	Hyaenaelurinae (Pilgrim, 1932); Hyaninailourinae (Peigné, 2007); Hyaninailourini (Ginsburg, 1980); Pterodontinae (Polly, 1996);

Hyainailourinae ("hyena-cats") is an extinct subfamily of hyainailourid hyaenodonts that lived in Africa, Asia, North America and Europe from the middle Eocene to middle Miocene.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] They appeared in Africa about 47.8 Ma ago and soon after spread as far as East Asia.^[9]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae (Pilgrim, 1932)
- Genus: †Megistotherium (Savage, 1973)
- Genus: †Mlanyama (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
- Genus: †Pakakali (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
- Genus: †Simbakubwa (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
- Genus: †Akhnatenavus (Holroyd, 1999)
- Genus: †Hemipsalodon (Cope, 1885)
- Genus: †Ischnognathus (Stovall, 1948)
- Tribe: †Hyainailourini (Ginsburg, 1980)
  - Genus: †Exiguodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
  - Genus: †Falcatodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
  - Genus: †Hyainailouros (Biedermann, 1863)
  - Genus: †Parapterodon (Lange-Badré, 1979)
  - Genus: †Sectisodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
  - Genus: †Sivapterodon (Ginsburg, 1980)
  - Genus: †Isohyaenodon (Savage, 1965)
  - Genus: †Kerberos (Solé, 2015)
  - Genus: †Pterodon (Blainville, 1839)
- Tribe: †Leakitheriini (Lavrov, 1999)^[10]
  - Genus: †Leakitherium (Savage, 1965)
- Tribe: †Metapterodontini (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
  - Genus: †Metapterodon (Stromer, 1926)
- Tribe: †Paroxyaenini (Lavrov, 2007)
  - Genus: †Paroxyaena (Martin, 1906)

Phylogeny

Cladogram of Hyainailourinae from Morales and Pickford, 2017:^[11]

Hyainailourinae

Mlanyama sugu

Dissopsalini

Buhakia spp.

	Dissopsalis carnifex

	Leakitherium hiwegi

Hyainailourini

Pterodon africanus

Hyainailouros spp.

	Sectisodon markgrafti

	Sectisodon occultus

Exiguodon pilgrimi

Falcatodon schlosseri

Isohyaenodon zadoki

Metapterodontini

Metapterodon spp.

References

^ Pilgrim G. E. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India". Palaeontologica Indica. 18 (1–232). doi:10.1017/S0016756800096448. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.
^ S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007). "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications". Geodiversitas. 29: 441–458.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Ginsburg, L. (1980). "Hyainailouros sulzeri, mammifère créodonte du Miocène européen". Annales de Paléontologie. 66: 19–73.
^ P. D. Poll (1996). "The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et. comb nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 303–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2023.
^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196. S2CID 84475034.
^ Floréal Solé; Eli Amson; Matthew Borths; Dominique Vidalenc; Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl (2015). "A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698. PMC 4580617. PMID 26398622.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). "Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)". PeerJ. 4: e2639. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639. PMC 5111901. PMID 27867761.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). "The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301. PMC 5636082. PMID 29020030.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.
^ Lavrov, A. V. (1999). "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia" (PDF). 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, P. (in Russian): 138.
^ Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). "New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332–359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019. S2CID 31350436.

[1] Pilgrim G. E. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India". Palaeontologica Indica. 18 (1–232). doi:10.1017/S0016756800096448. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.

[2] S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007). "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications". Geodiversitas. 29: 441–458.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Ginsburg, L. (1980). "Hyainailouros sulzeri, mammifère créodonte du Miocène européen". Annales de Paléontologie. 66: 19–73.

[4] P. D. Poll (1996). "The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et. comb nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 303–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2023.

[5] Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196. S2CID 84475034.

[6] Floréal Solé; Eli Amson; Matthew Borths; Dominique Vidalenc; Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl (2015). "A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698. PMC 4580617. PMID 26398622.

[Brychotherium-7] Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). "Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)". PeerJ. 4: e2639. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639. PMC 5111901. PMID 27867761.

[8] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). "The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301. PMC 5636082. PMID 29020030.

[Maocyon-9] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.

[Lavrov1999-10] Lavrov, A. V. (1999). "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia" (PDF). 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, P. (in Russian): 138.

[Morales_&_Pickford,_2017-11] Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). "New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332–359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019. S2CID 31350436.

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