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List of African American newspapers and media outlets

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This is a list of African American newspapers and media outlets, which is sortable by publication name, city, state, founding date, and extant vs. defunct status. For more detail on a given newspaper, see the linked entries below. See also by state, below on this page, for entries on African American newspapers in each state.

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African-American newspapers
Name City State Founded Closed
92d Buffalo Fort Huachuca Arizona 1943–1945[1] Defunct
93d Blue Helmet Fort Huachuca Arizona 1942–1943[2] Defunct
AC Phoenix News, The Winston-Salem North Carolina 1983[3] Extant
Advance, The Wilmington Delaware 1899–19?[4] Defunct
Advocate Charleston West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
Advocate, The Portland Oregon 1903–1933 Defunct
African Expositor Raleigh North Carolina 18??–18?[6] Defunct
African-American News and Issues Houston Texas 1996 Extant
Africo-American Presbyterian Wilmington North Carolina 1879–1938[7] Defunct
Afro-American Citizen, The Charleston South Carolina 1899–1902[8] Defunct
Afro-American Courier Yazoo City Mississippi 1926–19?[9] Defunct
Daily Record Wilmington North Carolina 1895–1898[10][11] Defunct
Aliened American, The Cleveland Ohio 1852–1856[12] Defunct
American Record Plattsmouth Nebraska 1945 Extant
Anti-Slavery Bugle, The New Lisbon Ohio 1845–1861 Defunct
Appeal, The Saint Paul Minnesota 1889–19?[13] Defunct
Arizona Gleam, The Phoenix Arizona 1929–193?[14] Defunct
Arizona Sun Phoenix Arizona 1942–196?[15] Defunct
Arizona Tribune Phoenix Arizona 1958–197?[16] Defunct
Atlanta Daily World Atlanta Georgia 1928[17] Extant
Baltimore Afro-American Baltimore Maryland 1892 Extant
Banner-Enterprise, The Wilmington North Carolina 1883–18?[18] Defunct
Bay State Banner Boston Massachusetts 1965 Extant
Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest) Charleston West Virginia 1957–[5] Defunct
Bee, The Washington D.C. 1882–1884[19] Defunct
Birmingham Times Birmingham Alabama ? Extant
Black Chronicle Oklahoma City Oklahoma 1979 Extant
Black Panther, The Oakland California 1967–1980 Defunct
Black Times: Voices of the National Community Palo Alto California 1971–1976?[20] Defunct
Boston Guardian Boston Massachusetts 1901–1950s Defunct
Breeze Huntington West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
Broad Ax, The Salt Lake City Utah 1895–19?[21] Defunct
Burning Spear, The Oakland California 1968 Extant
Bystander, The Des Moines Iowa 1916–1922[22] Defunct
California Eagle Los Angeles California 1879–1964[23] Defunct
Call, The Kansas City Missouri 1919 Extant
Call and Post Cleveland Ohio 1928 Extant
Carolina Panorama, The Columbia South Carolina 1986 Extant
Carolina Times, The Durham North Carolina 1921–2020[24] Defunct
Cayton's Monthly Seattle Washington 1921–1921[25] Defunct
Cayton's Weekly Seattle Washington 1916–1921[26] Defunct
Century Voice, The Yazoo City Mississippi 194?–19?[27] Defunct
Charleston Advocate, The Charleston South Carolina 1867–1868[28] Defunct
Charleston Chronicle, The Charleston South Carolina 1971 Extant
Charlotte Post, The Charlotte North Carolina 1878 Extant
Chattanooga Observer, The Chattanooga Tennessee 1927–1962 Defunct
Chicago Defender Chicago Illinois 1905 Extant
Chicago Whip, The Chicago Illinois 1919–19?[29] Defunct
Chicago World Chicago Illinois 1918–19?[30] Defunct
Christian Banner Philadelphia Pennsylvania[31] Defunct
Christian Recorder, The Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 1854 Extant
Cincinnati Herald, The Cincinnati Ohio 1955 Extant
Cleveland Gazette, The Cleveland Ohio 1883–1945 Defunct
Colored American, The New York City New York 1837–1842 Defunct
Colored American, The Washington D.C. 1893–1904 Defunct
Colored Citizen, The Helena Montana 1894–1894[32] Defunct
Columbus Times, The Columbus Georgia 1921 Extant
Community Citizen, The New Albany Mississippi 19??–19?[33] Defunct
Concordia Eagle, The Vidalia Louisiana 1873–1890[34] Defunct
Connecticut Chronicle Hartford Connecticut 194?–194?[35] Defunct
Crisis, The Baltimore Maryland 1910 Extant
Afro-American Sentinel Omaha Nebraska 1892 Extant
Daily Express, The Dayton Ohio 1950–1955[36] Defunct
Daily National Era Washington D.C. 1854–1854[37] Defunct
Dallas Express Dallas Texas 1892–1970 Defunct
Dayton Forum, The Dayton Ohio 1913–1949[38] Defunct
Delta Leader, The Greenville Mississippi 1939–19?[39] Defunct
Denver Star, The Denver Colorado 1913–1963[40] Defunct
Detroit Tribune Detroit Michigan 1933–1933[41] Defunct
Detroit Tribune, The Detroit Michigan 1935–1966[42] Defunct
Ebony Los Angeles California 1945 Extant
Echo, The Meridian Mississippi 1942–1960[43] Defunct
Essence New York New York 1970 Extant
Facts, The Seattle Washington 1961 Extant
The Progress Omaha Nebraska 1889 Extant
Final Call, The Chicago Illinois 1979[44] Extant
Florida Sentinel Bulletin Tampa Florida 1919 Extant
Florida Star, The Jacksonville Florida 1951 Extant
Forum, The Springfield Illinois 1904–192?[45] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the Denver Star Denver Colorado 1912–1913[46] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the Statesman Denver Colorado 1906–1912[47] Defunct
Free Citizen, The Orangeburg South Carolina 1874–1876[48] Defunct
Free Press, The Charleston South Carolina 1868–186?[49] Defunct
Freedom New York City New York 1950–1955 Defunct
Freedom's Journal New York City New York 1827–1829 Defunct
Frost Illustrated Fort Wayne Indiana 1968 Defunct
Future Outlook, The Greensboro North Carolina 1941–1972[50][51] Defunct
Gary Crusader Gary Indiana 1961 Extant
Gazette, The Raleigh North Carolina 18??–1???[52] Defunct
Georgetown Planet, The Georgetown South Carolina 1873–1875[53] Defunct
Golden Rule, The Vicksburg Mississippi 1898–19?[54] Defunct
Gossip Depot free online news Memphis Tennessee 2020[55] Extant
Harambee News Los Angeles California 1966–1969[56] Defunct
Hartford Chronicle Hartford Connecticut 194?–1947[57] Defunct
Hartford-Springfield Chronicle Springfield Massachusetts 1940–194?[58] Defunct
Houston Forward Times Houston Texas 1960 Extant
Huntington Enterprise Huntington West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
Huntington Times Huntington West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
Illinois Times, The Champaign Illinois 19??–19?[59] Defunct
Indianapolis Freeman Indianapolis Indiana 1888–1926 Defunct
Indianapolis Leader Indianapolis Indiana 1879–1891 Defunct
Indianapolis Recorder Indianapolis Indiana 1895 Extant
Ink Fort Wayne Indiana 2001���? Defunct
Iowa State Bystander Des Moines Iowa 1894–1916[60] Defunct
Jackson Advocate Jackson Mississippi 1938 Extant
Jet Los Angeles California 1951 Extant
St. Louis Palladium St. Louis Missouri 1884?–1911? Defunct
Journal of Industry, The Raleigh North Carolina 1879–1???[61] Defunct
Kansas City Sun, The Kansas City Missouri 1908–1924[62] Defunct
Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans or New Orleans Tribune New Orleans Louisiana 1864–1870 Defunct
Langston City Herald, The Langston City Oklahoma 1891–1902[63] Defunct
Lexington Standard, The Lexington Kentucky 1892–1912[64] Defunct
Liberator, The Boston Massachusetts 1831–1865 Defunct
Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles California 1933 Extant
Louisiana Weekly, The New Orleans Louisiana 1925 Extant
Louisianian, The New Orleans Louisiana 1870–1871[65] Defunct
Louisville Defender Louisville Kentucky 1933 Extant
Maryville Republican Maryville Tennessee 1867–187?[66] Defunct
McDowell Herald Keystone West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
McDowell Times, The Keystone West Virginia 1904–1941[67] Defunct
Metropolis Weekly Gazette Metropolis Illinois 1???–19?[68] Defunct
Metropolitan News Chicago Illinois 1935–19?[69] Defunct
Miami Times, The Miami Florida 1923 Extant
Michigan Chronicle Detroit Michigan 1936 Extant
Missionary Record Charleston South Carolina 1868–1879[70] Defunct
Mojo New York City New York 1968–? Defunct
Monitor, The Omaha Nebraska 1915–1928[71] Defunct
Montana Plaindealer, The Helena Montana 1906–1911[72] Defunct
Muhammad Speaks Chicago Illinois 1962–1975[73] Defunct
Muskogee Cimeter, The Muskogee Oklahoma 1901–19?[74] Defunct
Muslim Journal Chicago Illinois 1962 Extant
Nashville Globe Nashville Tennessee 1906–1960[75] Defunct
National Enquirer and Pennsylvania Freeman Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1836–? Defunct
National Era, The Washington D.C. 1847–1860[76] Defunct
National Forum, The Washington D.C. 1910–19?[77] Defunct
National Savings Bank Washington D.C. 1868–18?[78] Defunct
New Age, The Portland Oregon 1896 Defunct
New Age, The Butte Montana 1902–190?[79] Defunct
New England Bulletin Hartford Connecticut 1949–19?[80] Defunct
New Era Washington D.C. 1870–1870[81] Defunct
New Era, The Omaha Nebraska 1921 Extant
New Journal and Guide Norfolk Virginia 1900 Extant
New National Era Washington D.C. 1870–1874[82] Defunct
New Orleans Tribune, The New Orleans Louisiana 1985 Extant
New York Amsterdam News New York City New York 1909 Extant
North Carolina Gazette Raleigh North Carolina 1885–18?[83] Defunct
North Carolina Republican Raleigh North Carolina 1879–1880[84] Defunct
North Star, The Rochester New York 1847–1851 Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin, The St. Paul Minnesota 1922–1924[85] Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, The St. Paul Minnesota 1924–1925[86] Defunct
Oakland Post, The Oakland California 1963 Extant
Ohio Daily-Express, The Dayton Ohio 1946–1950[87] Defunct
Ohio State News Columbus Ohio 1944–1952[88] Defunct
Omaha Chronicle Omaha Nebraska 1933 Extant
Omaha Guide Omaha Nebraska 1927 Extant
Omaha Star Omaha Nebraska 1938 Extant
Omaha Whip, The Omaha Nebraska 1922 Extant
Our Time Press Brooklyn New York 1996 Extant
Peoples' Advocate, The New Bern North Carolina 1886–188?[89] Defunct
People's Advocate, The Alexandria Virginia 1874 Extant
People's Recorder, The Columbia South Carolina 1893–1925[90] Defunct
Philadelphia Independent, The Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1931–1971 Defunct
Philadelphia Tribune Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1884 Extant
Phoenix Index, The Phoenix Arizona 193?–19?[91] Defunct
Phoenix Tribune Phoenix Arizona 1918–193?[92] Defunct
Pioneer Montgomery West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
Pioneer Press Martinsburg West Virginia 1882–19?[5][93] Defunct
Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 1907–1966 Defunct
Portland Observer, The Portland Oregon 1970 Extant
Portland Times, The Portland Oregon about 1919.[94][95][96] Defunct
Professional World, The Columbia Missouri 1901–192?[97] Defunct
Ravenswood Post Menlo Park California 1953–1981 Defunct
Republican, The Maryville Tennessee 187?–187?[98] Defunct
Richmond Free Press Richmond Virginia 1992 Extant
Rising Son, The Kansas City Missouri 1896–19?[99] Defunct
Roanoke Tribune Roanoke Virginia 1936 Extant
Robbins Eagle, The Robbins Illinois 1951–1963[100] Defunct
Rock Hill Messenger, The Rock Hill South Carolina 1896–1921[101] Defunct
Sacramento Observer, The Sacramento California 1962 Extant
San Francisco Bay View San Francisco California 1976 Extant
Savannah Tribune Savannah Georgia 1875 Extant
Seattle Medium Seattle Washington 1970 Extant
Seattle Republican, The Seattle Washington 1???–1915[102] Defunct
Sedalia Weekly Conservator Sedalia Missouri 1903–1909[103] Defunct
Semi-Weekly Louisianian New Orleans Louisiana 1871–1872 Defunct[104]
Skanner, The Portland Oregon 1975 Extant
Soigne`+Swank Magazine[105] Wabasso Florida 2020 Extant
South Carolina Leader Charleston South Carolina 1865–18?[106] Defunct
South Florida Times Oakland Park Florida ? Extant
Southern Advocate, The Mound Bayou Mississippi 1933–19?[107] Defunct
Southern Indicator, The Columbia South Carolina 1903–1925[108] Defunct
Southern News, The Asheville North Carolina 1936–19?[109] Defunct
Southland Advocate, The Asheville North Carolina 19??–????[110] Defunct
St. Louis Argus St. Louis Missouri 1912 Extant
St. Louis Sentinel St. Louis Missouri 1968 Extant
St. Paul Echo St. Paul Minnesota 1925–1927[111] Defunct
Statesman, The. [volume] Denver Colorado 1889–1906 Defunct
Sun-Reporter San Francisco California 1943 Extant
Tennessee Tribune Nashville Tennessee 1992 Extant
Enterprise, The Omaha Nebraska 1893–1914 Defunct[112]
Topeka Plaindealer, The Topeka Kansas 1900–1932[113] Defunct
Tribune Independent of Michigan, The Detroit Michigan 1933–1935[114] Defunct
Tribune, The Roanoke Virginia 1951–19?[115] Defunct
Tri-State Defender Memphis Tennessee 1951 Extant
Tulsa Star, The Tulsa Oklahoma 1913–1921[116] Defunct
Twin City Star, The Minneapolis Minnesota 1910–19?[117] Defunct
Vanguard News Terre Haute Indiana 1994–1995 [118] Defunct
Voice of the People Laurel Mississippi 19??–19?[119] Defunct
Washington Afro-American, The Washington D.C. 1892 Extant
Washington Bee, The Washington D.C. 1882–1922[120] Defunct
Washington Informer, The Washington D.C. 1964 Extant
Washington Sun, The Washington D.C. 1960s (mid) Extant
West Virginia Digest Charleston West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
West Virginia Eagle Montgomery West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
West Virginia Enterprise Charleston West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
West Virginia Spokesman Huntington West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
West Virginia Weekly Charleston West Virginia[5] ? Defunct
Wilmington Journal Wilmington North Carolina 1928[121] Extant
Winston-Salem Chronicle Winston-Salem North Carolina 1974 Extant

Online

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By state

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Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Virginia | Washington (state) | Washington, D. C. | West Virginia | Wisconsin

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "92d Buffalo". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  2. ^ "93d Blue Helmet". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ^ "The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem NC)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  4. ^ "The Advance. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2637-8205. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Powell Hart, Betty L. (1991). "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History, " in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr. and Ancella Radford Bickley. Charleston, WV: Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. pp. 156–179.
  6. ^ "African Expositor. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  7. ^ "Africo-American Presbyterian (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  8. ^ "The Afro-American Citizen. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1669. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  9. ^ "Afro-American Courier". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  10. ^ "Wilmington Daily Record and the Wilmington Journal". African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington.
  11. ^ "The Daily Record (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  12. ^ Gore, Jr., George William (1922). Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and the Present Condition of the Negro Press. Greencastle, IN: Journalism Press. p. 8.
  13. ^ "The Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-7075. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  14. ^ "The Arizona Gleam. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  15. ^ "Arizona Sun. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  16. ^ "Arizona Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  17. ^ ""Recap: Alexis Scott Shares Atlanta Daily World History on Family Business Radio", Family Business Radio January 12 2012". Familybusinessradio.com. 2012-01-12. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  18. ^ "The Banner-Enterprise. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2576-6902. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  19. ^ "The Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2157-3298. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  20. ^ Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0674007888. ISSN 0006-4289 LCCN sn78001557 OCLC 1772794
  21. ^ "The Broad Ax. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-7202. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  22. ^ "The Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2332-4554. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  23. ^ "Charlotta Bass / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870–1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  24. ^ https://www.digitalnc.org/newspapers/carolina-times-durham-nc/
  25. ^ "Cayton's Monthly". Chronicling America. ISSN 2159-5569. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  26. ^ "Cayton's Weekly". Chronicling America. ISSN 2158-4699. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  27. ^ "The Century Voice". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  28. ^ "The Charleston Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1707. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  29. ^ "The Chicago Whip". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  30. ^ "Chicago World". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  31. ^ "The Christian Banner. (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol. 2, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, January 12, 1900 Page: 1 of 4". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  32. ^ "The Colored Citizen. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-9685. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  33. ^ "The Community Citizen". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  34. ^ "The Concordia Eagle. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-7040. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  35. ^ "Connecticut Chronicle". Chronicling America. ISSN 2642-7109. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  36. ^ "The Daily Express". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  37. ^ "Daily National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-5328. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  38. ^ "The Dayton Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  39. ^ "The Delta Leader". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  40. ^ "The Denver Star. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2376. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  41. ^ "Detroit Tribune [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2538. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  42. ^ "The Detroit Tribune". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-350X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  43. ^ "The Echo". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  44. ^ Talmadge Anderson; James Benjamin Stewart (2007). Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications. Black Classic Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1580730396. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  45. ^ "The Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  46. ^ "Franklin's Paper the Denver Star". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-235X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  47. ^ "Franklin's Paper the Statesman". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2333. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  48. ^ "The Free Citizen". Chronicling America. ISSN 2165-7742. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  49. ^ "The Free Press. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1715. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  50. ^ "The Future Outlook. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  51. ^ "The Future Outlook (Greensboro, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  52. ^ "The Gazette. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2474-3143. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  53. ^ "The Georgetown Planet". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-174X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  54. ^ "The Golden Rule. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2576-4667. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  55. ^ "Gossip Depot is Free News Daily with Signup)".
  56. ^ Smith, Jessie; Bracks, Lean'tin; Wynn, Linda T. (2012). The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. Visible Ink Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-1578595365.
  57. ^ "Hartford Chronicle". Chronicling America. ISSN 2642-7125. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  58. ^ "Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2688-9102. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  59. ^ "The Illinois Times". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  60. ^ "Iowa State Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2332-452X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  61. ^ "The Journal of Industry. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2475-0654. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  62. ^ "The Kansas City Sun". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-8329. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  63. ^ "The Langston City Herald. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2158-8929. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  64. ^ "The Lexington Standard. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2157-1384. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  65. ^ "The Louisianian. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-6287. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  66. ^ "Maryville Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2331-026X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  67. ^ "The McDowell Times. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2640-3471. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  68. ^ "Metropolis Weekly Gazette". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  69. ^ "Metropolitan News". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  70. ^ "Missionary Record. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2165-9419. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  71. ^ https://www.loc.gov/item/00225879/
  72. ^ "The Montana Plaindealer". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  73. ^ https://daily.jstor.org/occ-reveal-digital-muhammad-speaks/
  74. ^ "The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2158-8937. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. ^ "The Nashville Globe. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2373-4892. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  76. ^ "The National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-5301. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  77. ^ "The National Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 1940-7327. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  78. ^ "National Savings Bank. [online resource]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  79. ^ "The New Age. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-9650. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  80. ^ "New England Bulletin". Chronicling America. ISSN 2643-5004. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  81. ^ "New Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-6316.
  82. ^ "New National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-6340. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  83. ^ "North Carolina Gazette". Chronicling America. ISSN 2475-0638. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  84. ^ "North Carolina Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2474-4492. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  85. ^ "The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  86. ^ "The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  87. ^ "The Ohio Daily-Express". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  88. ^ "Ohio State News Collection 1944–1952". Ohio History Connection.
  89. ^ "The Peoples' Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  90. ^ "The People's Recorder. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1731. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  91. ^ "The Phoenix Index". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  92. ^ "Phoenix Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  93. ^ "Pioneer Press [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2640-3714. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  94. ^ "Negroes Turn to Court". The Morning Oregonian. October 9, 1919. p. 9.
  95. ^ "The Editor and Publisher 1919-10-30: Vol 52 Iss 22". Duncan McIntosh. 30 October 1919.
  96. ^ "Negro Editors Sign Armistice". The Editor and Publisher. January 29, 1920.
  97. ^ "The Professional World". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-8530. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  98. ^ "The Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2331-3021. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  99. ^ "The Rising son. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2165-929X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  100. ^ "The Robbins Eagle". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  101. ^ "The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1723. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  102. ^ "The Seattle Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2157-3271. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  103. ^ "Sedalia weekly Conservator". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-8264. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  104. ^ "About Semi-weekly Louisianian". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. ISSN 2326-6309. LCCN sn83016631. OCLC 9957091. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  105. ^ "Soigne'+Swank Magazine". Two Queens Media. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  106. ^ "South Carolina Leader [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1693. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  107. ^ "The Southern Advocate". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  108. ^ "The Southern Indicator [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1758. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  109. ^ "The Southern News. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  110. ^ "The Southland Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  111. ^ "The St. Paul Echo. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  112. ^ Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals: a national bibliography. Harvard University Press reference library. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-674-00788-8.
  113. ^ "The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  114. ^ "The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2562. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  115. ^ "The Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  116. ^ "The Tulsa Star. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-4866. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  117. ^ "The Twin City Star. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  118. ^ "Inventory: Vanguard News". Vigo County Public Library. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  119. ^ "Voice of the People". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  120. ^ "The Washington Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 1940-7424. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  121. ^ "The Wilmington Journal". Wilmingtonjournal.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  122. ^ Parlé Magazine
  123. ^ "Black News". Black News. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  124. ^ The North Star
  125. ^ "Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  126. ^ Black Report
  127. ^ "Shine My Crown". Retrieved 11 May 2021.

Further reading

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