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This occurs where birth and death rates are both low, leading to a total population stable. Death rates are low for a number of reasons, primarily lower rates of diseases and higher production of food. The birth rate is low because people have more opportunities to choose if they want children; this is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more independence and work opportunities.^[1] The DTM is only a suggestion about the future population levels of a country, not a prediction.

Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela.^[2]

Stage 4 is understood as post industrial.^[3]

The birth rate is also low because of the knowledge that has been obtained through education.^[4]

Despite the declining birth rate, countries in stage 4 retain their large population.^[5]

Give some more thought to what we've been discussing in class about Stage 4 and revisit some of the sources used to support these additions - Prof H